Effects of row deep tillage for the growth base formed by piling up soil in damp lowlands behind coastal sand dunes to construct coastal disaster prevention forest belts on the Kujukuri coastline, Japan

ABSTRACT

To successfully afforest coastal forest belts ensuring high disaster prevention, growth bases for them have been constructed by piling up soil in the low wetlands along the Kujukuri coastline. Ground surfaces in such bases are often covered with water because of soil compaction, leaving them susceptible to stagnant water. Water stagnation in soil is problematic, potentially interfering with afforesting coastal forests. Therefore, row deep tillage was conducted for parts of growth bases to combat the poor physical properties of the existing soil. Here, we surveyed soil profiles and measured vertical soil hardness distribution in two forest stands with piling up soil to evaluate the effectiveness of tillage for man-made soil. Soil hardness measurements indicated that the vertical areas with ‘soft’ and ‘hard/consolidated’ soil alternately appeared in growth base profiles. Generally, soil of the dense and very hard layers was apt to be formed by strong compaction of the filled-up soil because of heavy machinery usage during growth base preparation. Such dense and hard soils in the untilled areas of the profiles were also observed in this study. By contrast, it was confirmed that row deep tillage drastically improved soil physical properties, i.e., decreased hardness and increased water permeability, because the sequential hardened subsoil layers were well-broken-up. Moreover, it was observed many thick and large roots penetrated deeper layers with deep tillage areas. These results suggest that row deep tillage of hardened soil is quite effective at securing the areas and providing the physical conditions for deeply penetrated roots into deeper soils, which increases healthy root development. They show the effects of soil hardness reduction and water permeability improvement have been maintained for two decades, at least, after construction. These findings will be useful for alleviating some problems of soil compaction, water stagnation, and tree-growth hindrance that have been encountered on afforestation sites with man-made soil.

KEY WORDS:

• Coastal disaster prevention forest
• plant growth base
• man-made soil
• soil physical property
• row deep tillage

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Corrigendum

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Mr Hiroyoshi Murai, the section chief of the Northern Forestry Administrative Office, the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery, Chiba Prefecture for their kind support and for arranging our field research. We sincerely thank Mr Shuzo Hasegawa of Geo-Green Tech. Inc. and Mr Keigo Inomata of Daitou Techmo Green Inc. for their help and encouragement. We also appreciate the kind support of the technical assistant Ms Keiko Sawai from Tohoku Research Center, the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, and the Tokyo University of Agriculture students, Mr. Yuta Hayashi and Mr. Shin Kumazaki, for assisting with our field surveys, sample preparations, and analyses.

Additional information

Funding

This study is partly funded by the research program I [grant No. #201701] by the FFPRI “Establishment of guidelines for afforestation of coastal forests on berms that have the merits of high resistance to tsunami” from 2017 to 2019.