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Original Articles

Marie Darrieussecq's Ghost

 

Abstract

While it has been argued by proponents of surface reading that ghosts should be “just read,” a closer analysis of contemporary French writer Marie Darrieussecq's oeuvre reveals that ghosts cannot be read only in terms of what they may represent; one must rather take into account what they do and how they are produced. Through Darrieussecq's spectral engagement with her own work, and following Jacques Derrida's invitation to consider ghosts as possibility, this article reads ghosts as metafictional figures appearing within the text's own fabric and not external to it; it also questions the reader's involvement in the conjuration of ghosts.

This article is part of the following collections:
Harold G. Jones Award

Notes

1Best and Marcus note that a symptomatic reading would consider the occurrences of closets and ghosts to be signs found on the surface of something hidden deeper—for instance, of “a homosexuality that cannot be overtly depicted” (3).

2“Je ne vois pas à quoi ça sert d’écrire si on n’a pas l’ambition d’être lu dans cent ans! Moi, je l’affirme, ça ne regarde que moi, j’écris pour rester, laisser des traces, faire avancer la littérature. Je ne suis pas un écrivain de loisirs” (Lamberterie 102). Darrieussecq was recently awarded the Prix Médicis for her latest novel: Il faut beaucoup aimer les hommes (2013).

3“Tous ces atomes se mélangeaient dans l’éprouvette du salon, une chimie audacieuse combinait de nouvelles matières: d’un nanomètre de cil maternel et d’une mole de canapé (de poisson, de silicone, de conseiller) naissait une hypothèse minuscule, un potentiel de quelque chose en suspension dans l’air ou enfoui dans la moquette, les flagelles frétillant virtuellement d’espoir” (Naissance des fantômes 137).

4A fact stressed by her editor, Paul Otchakovsky-Laurens: “[i]l y a des enfants morts dans tous les livres de Marie Darrieussecq” (Lançon 3).

5Marie NDiaye claims that Naissance des fantômes takes (spectral) elements and themes from two of her novels: Un temps de saison (1994), and La Sorcière (1996). See Gaudemar (35) and Kéchichian (28).

6See Laurens.

7Darrieussecq explains: “Je connais moi-même très bien le sujet, mes parents ayant perdu un enfant” (Laurin F5); “La hantise que j’ai que mon mari me quitte, meure, disparaisse, je sais d’où elle vient. Elle vient d’un deuil que j’ai vécu petite, et qu’un jour je saurai contenir dans un livre” (“La réponse” n.p.).

8She remarks: “Je ne veux pas me légitimer d’une expérience vécue par mes parents. On a le droit, comme écrivain, de prendre en compte ce qu’on n’a pas vécu personnellement” (Laurin F5).

9To give but a few examples to underline the extent to which she returns, time and time again, to this subject: “Il y a un fantôme dans ma famille,” she says, “un deuil dont on ne parle pas. Moi, si. Ecrire c’est ma façon de parler” (Lamberterie 102); “Le silence de mes parents […] a été très longtemps pesant pour moi […] Mais, après en avoir souffert […] j’ai appris à le respecter, et même à l’aimer […] J’aurais été incapable de raconter leur histoire de façon directe, j’ai eu besoin de décaler la réalité, par amour pour eux, mais aussi pour mieux la voir, pour taper dedans. C’est ce ‘pas de côté’ […] ce besoin de recourir à la métaphore” (Crom n.p.); “Ce secret tourne autour de la mort d’un enfant […] Il a une histoire très particulière que je ne suis pas encore prête à dire, d’ailleurs, je ne sais pas si je le pourrai un jour. Mais la chose particulière, c’est qu’il n’a pas de tombe. On ne l’a pas enterré. Et je suis complètement hantée par ce non-passage, j’ai fait une psychanalyse pendant six ans” (Lambeth 811–12) and also: “Il me faut tous mes romans pour déplier ça” (Darrieussecq, “Les 7 minutes” n.p.).

10Darrieussecq, like the rest of P.O.L's catalogue of authors, writes each of her back covers: “L’une des caractéristiques de Paul [Otchakovsky-Laurens], c’est qu’il veut que ce soit les auteurs qui écrivent la quatrième de couverture. […] C’est un exercice très difficile. […] La quatrième c’est du marketing : le texte doit attirer l’attention des lecteurs et leur donner envie de lire le livre” (Clouzeau and Le Bricquir 43–44).

11This sentence ends without any marks of punctuation in the original.

12Which could also be read as “mes mots,” another trace of the author drawing itself in.

13“[E]s bleibt offen, wer nun eigentlich im Namen dieses Wir spricht. Die narrative Perspektive in White ist zentrifugal wie die Gespenster selbst” (Stemberger 63; emphasis in original; my translation).

14“‘Cette femme est trop bien pour toi’, braillent à tue-crâne les fantômes dans la sirène de la centrale, ‘ça ne marchera jamais!’” (195; emphasis in original).

15The following sentence features a direct object pronoun (“pronom personnel complément d’objet direct”) in the third person plural (“les”) rather than the first (“nous”): “Reprenons. Ici, personne ne viendra les déranger” (196; my emphasis), if the “Reprenons” were the one of the couple, the next sentence would logically read: “personne ne viendra nous déranger.”

16Even though there are traumatic events both characters are running away from and hoping (but unable) to forget: the death of Peter's sister (120) and the deaths of Edmée's young neighbors, drowned by their mother (142).

17To borrow Stemberger's title.

18Notice the similarity with the ending of Jean-Paul Sartre's Huis Clos: “Eh bien, continuons” (95), which signals the unresolved/unresolvable situation of the characters. Here, much like Sartre's Garcin, Estelle, and Inès, Edmée and Peter have no choice but to continue Darrieussecq's experiment.

19The novel opens with a paragraph narrated by the ghosts on the Antarctic continent; we first meet Edmée as she is making her way to the base in the second section of the opening pages: “La mer est belle, c’est-à-dire (Edmée Blanco l’apprend dans le manuel de bord) presque plate, avec un petit clapot tranquille.” (10)

20Le Pays is composed of two alternating narrations: the first one in the first-person singular (printed in bold font), the second in the third-person singular (printed in normal font). Quotes from the narration in the first-person singular for ease of reading have been changed here to normal font; quotes in the third-person singular will be indicated in a footnote.

21The first two instances are as follows: one where the narration in the third person (normal font) begins a new paragraph following the first-person narration (bold font) but still within the same section (14), and one where the switch happens mid-sentence (39).

22This quote is from the narration in the third person.

23This quote is from the narration in the third person.

24This quote is from the narration in the third person.

25“[L]’été l’avait pris, les arbres l’avaient pris, la lumière l’avait mangé […]” (107; narration in the third person).

26The entire London trip is recounted and punctuated from the perspective of the encounter: “Dans moins de cinq heures j’allais apercevoir mon frère dans l’Eurostar” (235); “Dans trois petites heures j’allais rencontrer mon frère” (241); “Dans moins de trois heures j’allais tomber sur mon frère” (242).

27This quote is from the narration in the third person.

28Note the incipit of A Christmas Carol: “Marley was dead, to begin with. There is no doubt whatever about that” (Dickens 9). Regarding the coupling of Christmas and the appearance of ghosts, Michael Newton notes that “it was very likely Dickens who established for Victorians the connection between Christmas and ghost stories […] The festive ghost is a curious conjunction, though one that expresses the central paradox of the genre: that is, the intertwining of cosiness and terror. The bond between Christmas and ghost stories would in time become a cultural cliché” (xvii).

29I have retained the French quotation marks (« ») in these quotes to emphasize the difference between the types of reported speech in this story.

30“Comme une injonction porte sur l’avenir, le futur peut en exprimer, avec différentes forces, les diverses nuances: règle morale, ordre strict, suggestion, consigne pour un devoir, etc. […] Le futur simple permet d’expliciter l’époque où doit se réaliser l’ordre, qui est généralement moins strict qu’à l’impératif, à cause de la part d’incertitude inhérente au futur” (Riegel, Pellat, and Rioul 551).

31The very Solange seen as an adolescent in Clèves (2011) is now a young woman.

32A similar story was told in Le Pays as a fait-divers that Marie Rivière was to keep to put in another novel: “L’acteur a convoqué sa famille, sa fiancée et ses amis, pour assister au spectacle de sa disparition” (229).

33In Naissance des fantômes, the narrator describes her becoming ghostly as the dissolution of her being, which could then be preserved in “un musée d’absences comme les corps en creux de Pompéi” (85), signaling that there is a form to absence—the form constitutive of a ghost.

34In the last chapter of the novel, titled “Bonus,” in a wink to the reader, Solange receives the DVD with the extended version of the film, where her cut scenes are to be found only in “la partie bonus” (311) and not incorporated in the filmic narrative. Furthermore, since they are available in their “entirety” to the reader only in the descriptions of the filming of her scenes earlier in the novel, “la partie bonus” only emphasizes how irrelevant they—and her presence in the film—actually are.

35To which the author herself might justly retort: “Et par vous, hypocrite lecteur, mon semblable, mon frère”!

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Sonja Stojanovic

Sonja Stojanovic is a PhD candidate in French Studies at Brown University. In her research, she tracks spectral gestures in works by Georges Perec, Patrick Modiano, Marie Darrieussecq, and Hélène Cixous. She has written several articles on Darrieussecq.

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