Copper Promoted Coupling Reaction I. Phenylation of O-H and N-H Compounds with C₆H₅X by Using Copper Catalyst Itself as the Acceptor of HX Released

Abstract

The copper catalyzed coupling reaction of O-H and N-H compounds with aryl halides ArX leads to the replacement of the hydrogen by the aryl group:¹

Addition of bases such as K₂CO₃ and KOH as the acceptor of HX released is necessary for the reaction to proceed, and sometimes, instead of the O-H and N-H compounds, use of their salts (e.g., potassium phenolate and potassium phthalimide) as the starting material is required.