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Abstract
Duplicate measurements are used routinely in the chemical laboratory as a check on the results. In case of disagreement, a third measurement is taken. There are a number of possible ways in which the third observation can be used. This paper discusses several commonly used procedures, together with their impact on the estimation of the mean. It is shown that. in the presence of outliers, the mean of the closest pair is a better estimator of the mean than either the median or the remaining observation.