Graphic loans: East Asia and beyond

Abstract

The national languages of East Asia (Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese) have made extensive use of a type of linguistic borrowing sometimes referred to as a ‘graphic loan’. Such loans have no place in the conventional classification of loans based on Haugen (1950) or Weinreich (1953), and research on loan word theory and phonology generally overlooks them. The classic East Asian phenomenon is discussed and a framework is proposed to describe its mechanism. It is argued that graphic loans are more than just ‘spelling pronunciations’, because they are a systematic and widespread process, independent of but not inferior to phonological borrowing. The framework is then expanded to illustrate borrowing between English and East Asian languages, and between non- East Asian languages, showing that graphic borrowing also applies to phonographically written source language forms.

Keywords:

• Loanwords
• Graphic loans
• Japanese
• Chinese
• Korean
• Vietnamese