Mobilising Mother Cabrini’s educational practice: the transnational context of the London school of the Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus 1898–1911

Abstract

A schoolteacher from Lombardy, Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini (1850–1917), founded the Institute of Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (MSC) in 1880. It was one of the 185 female religious institutes established in Italy in the nineteenth century. In the newly unified Italy, Cabrini found opportunities to formulate progressive Catholic educational practice, to establish an independent female congregation and to mobilise her educational practice to the United States to serve Italian migrants. She established a school in London in 1902. Cabrini’s letters and convent annals are used to trace the use of transnational networks in founding the school and to consider the impact of the transnational context on the school start-up. The concept of mobilising educational practice embraces both the geographical movement of people, goods and money and the formation of teaching sisters. By her death Cabrini had established 59 schools and orphanages in Europe and the Americas.

Keywords:

• transnational
• mobilisation
• networks
• progressive
• Catholic

Acknowledgements

The author acknowledges with gratitude the assistance of the Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Research for this article received support from the Peter R. D’Agostino Research Travel Grant, from the CUSHWA Centre, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.

Translations from Italian originals are the author’s own.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

¹ Istituto Suore Missionarie del Sacro Cuore di Gesù provincia Italia, ‘Le donne che hanno fatto l'Italia’, http://www.cabrinimsc.it/default.asp?id=471 (accessed June 11, 2015).

² Lucetta Scaraffia,‘“Christianity Has Liberated Her and Placed Her alongside Man in the Family”: From 1850 to 1988 (Mulieris Dignitatem)’, in Women and Faith: Religious Life in Italy from Late Antiquity to the Present, ed. Lucetta Scaraffia and Gabriella Zarri, trans. Keith Botsford (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 259. In Italy between 1866 and 1873 religious institutes were suppressed. Those performing useful social functions were spared. This contributed to an increase in institutes of active sisters.

³ The term ‘mobilisation’ has been used recently in history of education in three senses. The first describes the organisation of collective action in pursuit of a particular objective. For example, Ander Delgado, ‘Co-operatives and Education in the Basque Country: the Ikastolas in the Final Years of Franco’s Dictatorship’, History of Education 43, no. 5 (2014): 676–90; Anne-Françoise Praz, ‘L’éducation sexuelle, entre médecine, morale et pédagogie: débats transnationaux et réalisations locales (Suisse romande 1890–1930)’, Paedagogica Historica 50, no. 1–2 ( 2014): 165–81 and Kevin Myers and Ian Grosvenor, ‘Exploring Supplementary Education: Margins, Theories and Methods’, History of Education 40, no. 4 (2011): 501–20. The second meaning is bringing resources into use for a particular purpose, for example Jessica Gerrard, ‘Tracing Radical Working-Class Education: Praxis and Historical Representation’, History of Education 41, no. 4 (2012): 537–58 and Vincent Stolk, Willeke Los and Sjoerd Karsten, ‘Education as Cultural Mobilisation: The Great War and its Effects on Moral Education in The Netherlands’, Paedagogica Historica 50, no. 5 (2014): 685–706. A third meaning, geographical movement, is used in Geert Thyssen and Karin Priem, ‘Mobilising Meaning: Multimodality, Translocation, Technology and Heritage’, Paedagogica Historica 49, no. 6 (2013): 735–44. This article uses all three meanings.

⁴ Imelda Cipolla MSC and Maria Regina Canale MSC, eds., Epistolario di Santa Francesca Saverio Cabrini: 1868–1917, Vols 1-5 (Rome: L’Istituto Missionarie del Sacro Cuore di Gesù, 2002).

⁵ Ursula Infante MSC, trans., ‘Foreword’, in Letters of Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini (USA: MSC, 1970).

⁶ Paolo Boccagni, ‘Rethinking Transnational Studies: Transnational Ties and the Transnationalism of Everyday Life’, European Journal of Social Theory 15, no. 1 (2012): 124.

⁷ Imelda Cipolla MSC, ed., Tra un’onda e l’altra. Viaggi di Santa Francesca Saverio Cabrini (Rome: Centro Cabriniano, 2012).

⁸ John Urry, Mobilities (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007), 11.

⁹ ‘Memorie della fondazione del collegio in Forest Hill, Woodville Hall, Honor Oak Road’, Memorie, Archivio generale dell’ Istituto Suore Missionarie del Sacro Cuore di Gesù, Rome (AG).

¹⁰ ‘Memorie Londra, sulla fondazione in Londra’, Memorie, AG.

¹¹ ‘Annotazione sulla fondazione di questa casa di Londra, ricevate da quello che ricordano le sorelle’, Memorie, AG.

¹² ‘To the Most Venerated Mother General and Foundress on the Thirtieth Happy Anniversary of the Foundation of the Institute of the Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart by Her Affectionate Children the Pupils of the Convent at Wickham Road Brockley, November 14^th 1910’, Memorie, AG.

¹³ Kerry Bethell, ‘To Bring Into Play: Miss Mary Richmond’s Utilization of Kindred Networks in the Diffusion of Kindergarten Ideals into Practice’, History of Education 35, no. 2 (2006): 225–44; Kristen D. Nawrotzki, ‘“Like Sending Coals to Newcastle”: Impressions from and of the Anglo‐American Kindergarten Movements’, Paedagogica Historica 43, no. 2 (2007): 223–33; Kay Whitehead, ‘Transnational Connections in Early Twentieth-Century Women Teachers’ Work’, Paedagogica Historica 48, no. 3 (2012): 381–90; Kaspar Burger, ‘Entanglement and Transnational Transfer in the History of Infant Schools in Great Britain and Salles D’asile in France, 1816–1881’, History of Education 43, no. 3 (2014): 304–33; Christine Mayer, ‘Circulation and Internationalisation of Pedagogical Concepts and Practices in the Discourse of Education: The Hamburg School Reform Experiment (1919–1933)’, Paedagogica Historica 50, no. 5 (2014): 580–98; Joyce Goodman and Zoe Milsom, ‘Performing, Reforming and the Category of Age: Empire, Internationalism and Transnationalism in the Career of Reta Oldham, Headmistress’, in Women Educators, Leaders and Activists: Educational Lives and Networks 1900–1960, ed. Tanya Fitzgerald and Elizabeth M. Smyth (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 96–120 and Kay Whitehead, ‘Mary Gutteridge: Transnational Careering in the Field of Early Childhood Education’, in Women Educators, ed. Fitzgerald and Smyth (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 121–51.

¹⁴ Eckhardt Fuchs, ‘Networks and the History of Education’, Paedagogica Historica 43, no. 2 (2007): 193.

¹⁵ Ibid.

¹⁶ ‘A Remarkable Woman’, New York Freeman’s Journal, February 2 1918, in In memoria della Rev.ma Madre Francesca Saverio Cabrini, ed., MSC (New York: Bernasconi, 1919), 334.

¹⁷ MSC provincia Italia, ‘Le donne che hanno fatto l'Italia’.

¹⁸ Marcella Pellegrino Sutcliffe, Victorian Radicals and Italian Democrats (Woodbridge: Boydell Brewer, 2014).

¹⁹ Peter Cunningham, ‘Innovators, Networks and Structures: Towards a Prosopography of Progressivism’, History of Education 30, no. 5 (2001): 382.

²⁰ Kay Whitehead, ‘Contesting the 1944 McNair Report: Lillian De Lissa’s Working Life as a Teacher Educator’, History of Education 39, no. 4 (2010): 512.

²¹ Marion O’Donnell, Maria Montessori (London: Bloomsbury, 2013).

²² Deidre Raftery, ‘Religions and the History of Education: a Historiography’, History of Education 41, no. 1 (2012): 48.

²³ Peter Cunningham, ‘The Montessori Phenomenon: Gender and Internationalism in Early Twentieth Century Innovation’, in Practical Visionaries, ed. Mary Hilton and Pam Hirsh (Harlow: Pearson, 2013).

²⁴ Fulvio De Giorgi, ed., Montessori, Dio e il bambino e altri scritti inediti (Brescia: Editrice La Scuola, 2013).

²⁵ Ibid.

²⁶ Marion O’Donnell, Maria Montessori (London: Continuum, 2007), 81. The term ‘nun’ is usually used for women in an enclosed order and ‘sister’ for those in congregations doing active work. It is common to use them interchangeably in scholarship. Cabrini used the term ‘Institute’ rather than ‘order’ or ‘congregation’.

²⁷ For example, the Cabra Dominican Sisters who studied and taught Montessori’s methods from 1934 in Dublin. Dominican Sisters Cabra, Weavings: Celebrating Dominican Women (Dublin: Veritas, 1988), 40, 68.

²⁸ Noah Sobe and Jamie Kowalczyk argue that ‘“Contextualising” a study should not be merely a preparatory activity but should carry across the entirety of the project’. It does both here. Noah W Sobe and Jamie Kowalczyk, ‘The Problem of Context in Comparative Education Research’, https://www.academia.edu/5910584/Noah_Sobe_and_J_Kowalczyk_The_Problem_of_Context_in_Comparative_Education_Research_http://www.ledonline.it/ECPs–Journal/allegati/ECPS–2012–6_Sobe.pdf (accessed May 31, 2015).

²⁹ Maurice Whitehead, English Jesuit Education: Expulsion, Suppression, Survival and Restoration, 1762–1803 (Farnham: Ashgate, 2013), 8.

³⁰ Joëlle Droux and Rita Hofstetter, ‘Going International: The History of Education Stepping Beyond Borders’, Paedagogica Historica 50, no. 1–2 (2014): 3.

³¹ Peter D’Agostino, Rome in America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004). Indeed, Simon Sarlin has shown how the centrality of Catholicism to the Anti-Risorgimento also had transnational ramifications within the so-called ‘white international’. Simon Sarlin, ‘The Anti-Risorgimento as a Transnational Experience’, Modern Italy Special Issue: The Italian Risorgimento: Transnational Perspectives 19, no. 1 (2014): 81–92.

³² D’Agostino, Rome, 3.

³³ ‘Gennaro Cosenza, I mei pensieri all’ annunzio della morte di Suor Francesca S Cabrini’, in In memoria, ed. MSC, 269.

³⁴ Mary Louise Sullivan MSC, Mother Cabrini ‘Italian Immigrant of the Century’ (New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1992), 18.

³⁵ Cipolla and Canale, eds., Epistolario 1, March 10, 1878, 16. Cabrini’s father died in 1870.

³⁶ Imelda Cipolla MSC, ‘Francesca Saverio Cabrini Educatrice’, in Enciclopedia del pensiero pedagogico (Brescia: La Scuola, 1976). I borrow the term ‘honoured place’ from Brian Simon, ‘Why no Pedagogy in England?’, in Learners and Pedagogy, ed. Jenny Leach and Bob Moon (London: Sage, 1999), 34, 1.

³⁷ Luciano Pazzaglia, ‘Educazione e scuola nel programma dell’opera dei Congressi (1874–1904)’, in Scuola e società nell’Italia unita, ed. Luciano Pazzaglia and Roberto Sani (Brescia: La Scuola), 87–126.

³⁸ Luciano Pazzaglia, ‘Asili, Chiesa e mondo cattolico nell’Italia dell’800’, in Scuola, ed. Pazzaglia and Sani, 75–86.

³⁹ Teresa Eustochio Verzeri, Libro dei Doveri, vol. III, 347, 349, cited in Vatican News, Saints, ‘Teresa Eustochio Verzeri’, http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20010610_verzeri_en.html

(accessed January 8, 2015).

⁴⁰ Ibid.

⁴¹ Maria Regina Canale MSC, La Gloria del Cuore di Gesu nella spiritualita di Santa Francesca S. Cabrini (Rome: Centro Cabriniana, 1990), 84–94.

⁴² Sullivan, Mother Cabrini, 25.

⁴³ For a comparative study between British and Italian women in this period see Marcella Pellegrino Sutcliffe, ‘Italian Women in the Making: Re-reading the English Woman’s Review (c.1871–1889)’, in Britain, Ireland and the Italian Risorgimento, ed. Nick Carter (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), 179–203.

⁴⁴ Saverio De Maria MSC, La Madre Francesca Saverio Cabrini (Torino: Società Editrice Internazionale, 1928), 16.

⁴⁵ Maria Susanna Garroni,‘Genere e transnazionalismo: una congregazione italiana negli Stati Uniti, 1889–1935

’, in Sorelle d’oltreoceano, ed. Maria Susanna Garroni (Rome: Carocci, 2008), 111–145.

⁴⁶ Sullivan, Mother Cabrini, 27.

⁴⁷ Ibid., 30.

⁴⁸ Antonio Serrati, ‘Relazioni’, cited in Sullivan, Mother Cabrini, 31.

⁴⁹ De Maria, La Madre, 25.

⁵⁰ MSC, ‘Regole dell’Istituto delle Misssionarie del S.Cuore copiata dall’originale manoscritto del 1883’, G1a1, AG, 2.

⁵¹ Kathleen Sprows Cummings, New Women of the Old Faith (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009).

⁵² Helena Dawes, Catholic Women’s Movements in Liberal and Fascist Italy (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).

⁵³ ‘Memorie di Codogno (1880–1889)’, Memorie, AG.

⁵⁴ Giancarlo Rocca, ‘La formazione delle religiose insegnanti tra Otto e Novecento’, in Cattolici, educazione e trasformazioni socio-culturali in Italia tra Otto e Novecento, ed. Luciano Pazzaglia (Brescia: La Scuola, 1999), 444.

⁵⁵ Ibid., 419.

⁵⁶ Fabio Pruneri, Oltre l'alfabeto. L'istruzione popolare dall'Unità d'Italia all'età giolittiana: il caso di Brescia (Milan: Vita e Pensiero, 2012).

⁵⁷ Andrea Geuna, ‘Educare l’uomo, il cittadino, il patriota. L’insegnamento delle “prime nozioni dei doveri dell’uomo” nell’età della Sinistra (1872–1894)’, Rivista Storia del Cristianesimo 9, no. 1 (2012): 161–181.

⁵⁸ Cipolla, Tra un’onda, 547. These letters have been explored in Maria Barbagallo MSC, ‘Buoni Cristiani’ e ‘Buoni Cittadini’ (Codogno: MSC, 2013).

⁵⁹ Cipolla and Canale, Epistolario 1, June 1, 1882, 61.

⁶⁰ De Maria, La Madre, 33.

⁶¹ Ibid.

⁶² MSC, ‘Regole dell’Istituto’, 28.

⁶³ Matteo Sanfilippo, ‘Il Vaticano e l’emigrazione’, in Sorelle d’oltreoceano (see note 47).

⁶⁴ De Maria, La Madre, 100.

⁶⁵ Mark Choate, Emigrant Nation? The Making of Italy Abroad (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 1.

⁶⁶ Sullivan, Mother Cabrini, 46, 156.

⁶⁷ Deidre Raftery, ‘Je Suis D’aucune Nation’: The Recruitment and Identity of Irish Women Religious in the International Mission Field, c.1840–1940’. Paedagogica Historica 49, no. 4 (2013): 513–30.

⁶⁸ Giuseppe De Luca, Parole sparse della Beata Cabrini (Rome: Instituto Garfico Tiberino, 1938), 73.

⁶⁹ Ruth Rogers, ‘Religious Teaching Orders and French School Culture in an Anticlerical Age: Suggestions for a Transnational History of Girls’ Education’ (paper presented at ISCHE conference, July 23–26, 2014, IOE, London).

⁷⁰ Choate, Emigrant Nation, 105.

⁷¹ Fabio Pruneri, ‘“Per conoscere davvero le cose bisogna esservi sul luogo dove avvengono” … per una storia sociale dell’educazione in Lombardia (1859–1914)’ (Paper presented at Convegno Da Nigoline al mondo: l’eredità spirituale di Mons. Bonomelli in ambito pedagogico-sociale, Università degli studi di Sassari, January 18, 2014).

⁷² Choate, Emigrant Nation, 141–3.

⁷³ ‘Relazione 1907’, Relazione del Istituto MSC, K2a1, AG, 11.

⁷⁴ In 1895 Pope Leo XIII had published Amantissima Voluntatis, his apostolic letter calling all English people to unity with the Catholic Church, http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Leo13/l13amantissima.htm (accessed May 31, 2015). Cabrini refers to it in a travel letter of 1895. Cipolla, Tra un’onda, 202.

⁷⁵ Cipolla and Canale, Epistolario 3, January 20, 1898, 110.

⁷⁶ Giuseppe Scotto, ‘The Political Participation of Migrants: A Study of the Italian Communities in London’ (

DPhil thesis, University of Sussex, 2012), 68.

⁷⁷ Cipolla and Canale, Epistolario 4, July 8, 1902, 88.

⁷⁸ Ibid., July 11, 1902, 39; August 16, 1902, 53.

⁷⁹ Jennie Collins, ‘They Came with a Purpose: Educational Journeys of Nineteenth-Century Irish Dominican Sister Teachers’, History of Education 44, no. 1 (2015): 44–63.

⁸⁰ ‘Memorie Forest Hill’, 32.

⁸¹ Deidre Raftery, ‘“Cover the Earth with Houses”: Female Agency, Transnationalism, and the Establishment of International Networks of Convent Schools’ (paper presented at ISCHE conference, IOE, London, July 23–26, 2014).

⁸² Cipolla and Canale, Epistolario 3, November 5,1898, 202.

⁸³ Ibid., 4, August 7, 1902, 49.

⁸⁴ Ibid., 3, November 5, 1898, 202.

⁸⁵ Ibid., 4, August 12, 1902, 51.

⁸⁶ Ibid., August 29, 1902, 57.

⁸⁷ Ibid., August 5, 1902, 46.

⁸⁸ ‘Memorie Londra’, 1.

⁸⁹ ‘Annotazione’, B.

⁹⁰ Cipolla, Tra un’onda, 463.

⁹¹ Cipolla and Canale, Epistolario 4, August 12, 1902, 51.

⁹² Ibid., August 16, 1902, 54; August 29, 1902, 58.

⁹³ Post Office London Directory County Suburbs, Volumes for 1905–1911 (Kelly’s Directories).

⁹⁴ ‘Annotazione’, D.

⁹⁵ ‘Diocese of Southwark Convent Return 1906’, file H42.2, Southwark Diocesan Archive.

⁹⁶ ‘Letter from Father Seraphin Banfi to Bishop Amigo, November 10 1905’, file H42.4, Southwark Diocesan Archive.

⁹⁷ ‘Memorie Londra’, 2.

⁹⁸ ‘Annotazione’, C.

⁹⁹ ‘Memorie Londra’, 5.

¹⁰⁰ They were aged 14, 13, 12, 11 and seven; 1911 Census of England and Wales, District of Peckham, sub-district Peckham, R914/2590, District 27, sub-district 6, and enumeration district 21, Woodville Hall Honor Oak, 1–2. Available online, http://www.interactive.ancestrylibrary.com (accessed January 24, 2014).

¹⁰¹ Cipolla and Canale, Epistolario 5, January 19, 1911, 234.

¹⁰² ‘Memorie Forest Hill’, 143.

¹⁰³ See MSC, Cinquant’anni di vita, 1880–1930 (Milan: MSC, 1931) for photographs of schools.

¹⁰⁴ This is an area of recent interest in the history of education. See: Anne Rohstock and Catherina Schreiber, ‘The Grand Duchy on the Grand Tour: a Historical Study of Student Migration in Luxembourg’, Paedagogica Historica 49, no. 2 (2013): 174–93; Whitehead, English Jesuit Education; Gary McCulloch, ‘Fred Clarke and the Internationalisation of Studies and Research in Education’, Paedagogica Historica 50, no. 1–2 (2014): 123–37; Hilary Perraton, A History of Foreign Students in Britain (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014) and Marie Sandell, ‘Learning in and from the West: International Students and International Women’s Organisations in The Interwar Period’, History of Education 44, no. 1 (2015): 5–24.

¹⁰⁵ Ciaron O’Neil, Catholics of Consequence (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).

¹⁰⁶ Cipolla and Canale, Epistolario 5, November 23, 1910, 211; November 24, 1910, 214; December 3, 1910, 219; December 16, 1910, 227.

¹⁰⁷ Ibid., November 24, 1910, 214.

¹⁰⁸ Ibid., December 3, 1910, 219.

¹⁰⁹ Ibid., August 10, 1911, 290.

¹¹⁰ ‘Memorie Forest Hill’, 82.

¹¹¹ Ibid., 97.

¹¹² ‘Memorie Londra’, 14.

¹¹³ Cipolla and Canale, Epistolario 5, March 12, 1915, 506.

¹¹⁴ Ibid., 713.

¹¹⁵ Ibid., February 11, 1911, 239.

¹¹⁶ Ibid., 4, May 17, 1902, 25.

¹¹⁷ Ibid., July 12, 1902, 40.

¹¹⁸ Ibid., August 7, 1902, 49.

¹¹⁹ Ibid., 5, November 19, 1910, 210.

¹²⁰ ‘Annotazione’, E. By 1910 the number had risen to 18, ‘Relazione Triennale dell’Instituto delle Missionarie del Sacro Cuore di Gesu Dal 1907–1910’, C1a1 Protocollo #1881 AG, 16–17.

¹²¹ Cipolla and Canale, Epistolario 4, April 27, 1903, 159.

¹²² ‘Annotazione’, E.

¹²³ Cipolla and Canale, Epistolario 4, March 17, 1907, 578; March 21, 1907, 581.

¹²⁴ ‘Memorie Londra’, 4. It is likely that the students sat their examinations in another school that was a centre for public examinations.

¹²⁵ Cipolla and Canale, Epistolario 5, 21/05/1908, 31.

¹²⁶ ‘Memorie Londra’, 4.

¹²⁷ Cipolla and Canale, Epistolario 4, August 28, 1907, 634.

¹²⁸ Ibid.

¹²⁹ Ibid., July 4, 1906, 517.

¹³⁰ Ibid., March 31, 1903, 142; 1911 Census of England and Wales.

¹³¹ I have borrowed ‘transnational careering’ from Whitehead, ‘Mary Gutteridge’.

¹³² Cipolla and Canale, Epistolario 5, 673–4.

¹³³ Ibid., 703–4.

¹³⁴ Cipolla and Canale, Epistolario 4, July 8, 1902, 3.

¹³⁵ Ibid., 5, November 11, 1910, 209.

¹³⁶ Droux and Hofstetter, ‘Going International’, 3–4.

¹³⁷ MSC, ‘Regole dell’Istituto’, 25.

¹³⁸ Treccani, Enciclopedia, ‘modernismo (piu precisamente m. cattolico)’ http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/modernismo_%28Dizionario–di–filosofia%29/ (accessed May 31, 2015).

¹³⁹ Chiara Grasselli MSC, ‘Preface’, in Words of St Frances Xavier Cabrini, ed. Fede Nemia MSC (New Orleans: MSC, 1967), 3.

¹⁴⁰ This is from Philippians 4:13.

¹⁴¹ Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica II.II 81, 2, ‘Is Religion a Virtue?’ http://www.newadvent.org/summa/3081.htm (accessed February 2, 2015).

¹⁴² Tom O’Donoghue, Come Follow Me and Forsake Temptation: The Recruitment and Retention of Members of Catholic Teaching Orders, 1922–1965 (New York: Peter Lang, 2004).

¹⁴³ Imelda Cipolla MSC and Maria Regina Canale MSC, eds., Pensieri e Propositi (Rome: Centro Cabriniano, 1982), 194.

¹⁴⁴ Servais Pinckaers OP, Morality: The Catholic View (South Bend, IN: St Augustine’s Press, 2001).

¹⁴⁵ Ibid., 60.

¹⁴⁶ Ibid., 32.

¹⁴⁷ ‘Costituzioni dell’Istituto delle Missionarie del Sacro Cuore di Gesù 1907’, G1a1 Protocollo # 2691, AG, 15.

¹⁴⁸ Cipolla and Canale, Pensieri, 95.

¹⁴⁹ Cipolla and Canale, Epistolario 4, August 7, 1902, 49.

¹⁵⁰ Laurence Lux-Sterritt and Carmen M. Mangion, ‘Introduction’, in Gender Catholicism and Spirituality, ed. Laurence Lux-Sterritt and Carmen M. Mangion (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 1–18.

¹⁵¹ Ottavio Turchi SJ, ‘Introduction’, in The Travels of Mother Cabrini, trans. Giovanni Serpentelli (Exeter: Streatham Hall, 1925), xiii.

¹⁵² Cipolla, Tra un’onda; MSC, Esortazioni della madre Francesca Saverio Cabrini (Rome: MSC, 1954).

¹⁵³ ‘Memorie Forest Hill’, 26.

¹⁵⁴ Costituzioni, 36.

¹⁵⁵ The editors have added scripture references.

¹⁵⁶ See for example, Maria Regina Canale MSC and Rachele Tagliabue MSC eds., La Stella del Mattino (Rome: Centro Cabriniano, 1987), 94.

¹⁵⁷ Cipolla and Canale, Epistolario 1, 58.

¹⁵⁸ MSC, Esortazioni, 51.

¹⁵⁹ ‘To the Most Venerated Mother General’.

¹⁶⁰ Gerald Grace, Catholic Schools, Mission, Markets and Morality (London: Routledge Falmer, 2002).

¹⁶¹ MSC, ‘Regole dell’Istituto’, 25.

¹⁶² ‘Memorie Forest Hill’, 20.

¹⁶³ Ibid., 26.

¹⁶⁴ QUAM SINGULARI, the Decree of the Sacred Congregation of the Discipline of the Sacraments on First Communion, August 8, 1910, http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius10/p10quam.htm (accessed May 31, 2015).

¹⁶⁵ Cipolla and Canale, Epistolario 5, December 15, 1910, 225.

¹⁶⁶ ‘Memorie Forest Hill’, 26.

¹⁶⁷ Ibid., 28.

¹⁶⁸ Ibid.

¹⁶⁹ Ibid., 80.

¹⁷⁰ ‘Memorie Londra’, 8.

¹⁷¹ Cipolla and Canale, Epistolario 5, December 17, 1911, 228.

¹⁷² Interview of Sister Julia De’Ath MSC by Maria Patricia Williams at Los Molinos, Madrid, Spain April, 4–5, 2014.