Strabismus Associated with Congenital Anomalies

Abstract

We suggest that the term, congenital esotropia, is used inappropriately to mean an implied etiology. There are likely dozens of different congenital esotropias, each associated with a different developmental abnormality in the structure or function of the oculomotor system. While it may be difficult to separate or define the different etiologies clinically, only by grouping patients with congenital esotropia into relatively pure categories can we hope to improve our understanding and treatment of these disorders.

• Strabismus
• congenital strabismus
• Duane syndrome
• Crouzon syndrome
• Apert syndrome