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Articles

The role of the Cape’s unique climatic boundaries in sustaining specialised pastoralists in southern Africa during the last 2000 years

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Pages 242-257 | Received 19 Jun 2019, Accepted 29 Nov 2019, Published online: 02 Jun 2020
 

ABSTRACT

Genetic analyses show that milch pastoralism existed in southern Africa for at least the last 1300 years. This paper addresses the question of how specialised milch pastoralists would have sustained their herds in the arid western half of southern Africa, where archaeological evidence shows their traces. This might be down to what Jared Diamond terms ‘geographic luck’, i.e. that pastoralists, whom we know moved rapidly to the southern and western Cape, discovered the winter rainfall and all year round rainfall areas that are unique in southern Africa and settled there. Good grazing and all year-round rainfall would have been found by moving between these zones and the summer rainfall zone of the neighbouring Northern and Eastern Cape Provinces. These zones fall outside the areas that were later settled by agropastoralist farmers. European mariner sightings of livestock along South Africa’s shores from the end of the fifteenth century AD onward have previously been used to reconstruct the seasonal movements of pastoralists. There is, however, an inherent bias in these data caused by the prevailing wind patterns that determined the timing of mariners’ arrival to the Cape.

RÉSUMÉ

Les analyses génétiques ont démontré que le pastoralisme laitier est pratiqué en Afrique australe depuis au moins 1300 ans. Cet article considère comment des pasteurs spécialisés dans le lait auraient nourri leurs troupeaux dans la moitié ouest, aride, de l'Afrique australe, où les données archéologiques indiquent leur présence. Cela pourrait être dû à ce que Jared Diamond a appelé la ‘chance géographique’, c'est-à-dire le fait que les pasteurs, que nous savons s’être déplacés rapidement vers le sud et l'ouest du Cap, auraient découvert les zones de précipitations hivernales et celles où il pleut toute l'année — conditions uniques en Afrique australe — et s'y seraient installés. Les zones de bon pâturage et de pluies tout au long de l'année auraient été identifiées en se déplaçant entre ces endroits-là et la zone de précipitations estivales se situant dans les provinces voisines du nord et de l'est du Cap. Elles se trouvent en-dehors des régions colonisées par la suite par des agriculteurs agro-pasteurs. Les observations faites, à partir de la fin du quinzième siècle après J.-C., par les marins européens sur la présence de bétail le long des côtes d’Afrique du Sud ont parfois été utilisées pour reconstituer les mouvements saisonniers des pasteurs. Il existe cependant un biais inhérent à ces données, du fait des vents dominants qui déterminaient l’arrivée des marins au Cap.

Acknowledgments

Thanks to Faye Lander and Margo Russell who read and commented on earlier drafts, as well as to an anonymous reviewer who provided detailed comments that helped to improve paper.

Notes on contributor

Thembi Russell is a senior researcher in Archaeology at the University of the Witwatersrand and her research interests include the rock art, ethnography and archaeology of East and southern African pastoralists and foragers.

Notes

1 See Russell (Citation2013) for a full discussion of meat feasting. Among East African pastoralists meat feasts are common and held for different reasons, although three major categories of feasts are found: to ward off misfortune; during ritual seclusion; and to mark transition ceremonies.

2 See Brujn (Citation1980) and Boshoff and Fourie (Citation2008) for further discussion of the timings of arrival of Dutch East India Company vessels to the Cape and the control of these timings by the Company later than the period considered in this paper.

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