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Articles

The Kwena of Botswana and the cattle post institution

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Pages 258-289 | Received 11 Jan 2019, Accepted 16 Dec 2019, Published online: 02 Jun 2020
 

ABSTRACT

In southern Africa, early research on the archaeological study of livestock herding revolved around the evidence for their presence and distribution. More recent research has expanded these concerns through interest in the socio-economic and political issues associated with cattle ownership, as well as questions relating to the history of their management. With evidence of increased numbers of cattle in southern Africa from the Middle Iron Age onwards, a key question has emerged: where were these animals kept and how were they managed? Several archaeological studies have shown that keeping cattle outside the main settlement, commonly known as the cattle post system, is not a new phenomenon. However, this work has not yet answered the questions of when the system first appeared or how we can effectively differentiate cattle posts from isolated homesteads. Nor has it addressed the factors influencing the establishment and location of cattle posts. This paper uses the Kwena polity of southeastern Botswana as a case study in order to begin to address these gaps. It is a preliminary report of an ongoing research project on the origin and evolution of the cattle post system among the Tswana. It reviews the evidence, both archaeological and historical, for herd management strategies in southern Africa and beyond and then defines a cattle post (Tswana moraka) before investigating the concept further from an ethnoarchaeological perspective. It shows that several factors lead to the establishment of cattle posts, of which two main kinds can be identified, some designed for risk management, others for ecological management. Both are implicated in the changing settlement patterns and expansion of Kwena territory. The next stage of the research will be to apply these insights to interpreting the archaeological record of pre-colonial cattle keeping in Botswana and south Africa.

RÉSUMÉ

En Afrique australe, les premières recherches sur l'étude archéologique de l'élevage ont concerné les données relatives à la présence et la distribution du bétail. Les recherches plus récentes ont élargi ces préoccupations en s'intéressant aux questions socio-économiques et politiques associées à la possession du bétail, ainsi qu'aux questions relatives à l'histoire de leur gestion. Avec des indications d'une augmentation du nombre de bovins en Afrique australe à partir de l'Âge du Fer Moyen, une question clé se pose: où ces animaux étaient-ils gardés et comment étaient-ils gérés? Plusieurs études archéologiques ont démontré que le maintien du bétail à l'extérieur des sites d’habitat, un modèle communément appelée système du poste de bovins, n'est pas un phénomène nouveau. Cependant, la première apparition de ce système, ou la manière dont nous pouvons réellement différencier les postes de bovins des fermes isolées, restent des questions sans réponse pour le moment. De même, les recherches n’ont pas non plus abordé les facteurs qui influencèrent la création et l'emplacement des postes de bovins. Cet article utilise la politie des Kwena du sud-est du Botswana comme étude de cas pour permettre de commencer à combler ces lacunes. Cet article est le rapport préliminaire d'un projet de recherche en cours sur l'origine et l'évolution du système de poste de bovins chez les Tswana. L’article examine les données à la fois archéologiques et historiques concernant les stratégies de gestion des troupeaux en Afrique australe et au-delà, puis donne la définition du poste de bovins (moraka en Tswana) avant d'étudier le concept plus en détail d'un point de vue ethnoarchéologique. Cette recherche montre que plusieurs facteurs conduisent à la mise en place de postes de bovins, dont deux types principaux peuvent être identifiés: certains sont conçus pour gérer les risques, d'autres dans un but de gestion écologique. Les deux types sont impliqués dans l'évolution des modes de peuplement et l'expansion du territoire Kwena. La prochaine étape de cette recherche consistera à appliquer ces connaissances à l'interprétation des archives archéologiques précoloniales de l’élevage bovin au Botswana et en Afrique de Sud.

Acknowledgements

I should like to acknowledge the support of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation through the Wits City Institute (University of the Witwatersrand), under its Architecture, Urbanism and the Humanities Initiative, and the Re-Centring AfroAsia Project, although all opinions and conclusions are my own. I sincerely thank the reviewers for all the comments that shaped this paper, as well as my informants for their contributions during fieldwork, my field assistant Ms Bertinah Morokotso for her hard work and Mr Thabo Kgosidintsi for producing the maps. I also thank the University of the Witwatersrand and the University of Botswana for supporting this research.

Notes on contributor

Nonofho Mathibidi Ndobochani is an archaeologist and heritage practitioner. She is currently an Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Fellow with the Wits City Institute and the ReCentring AfroAsia Project. She is also a member of the Southern Gauteng Stone Walled Structures Project (SGSWS) under the auspices of Prof. Karim Sadr, University of the Witwatersrand, and an Affiliate at the History Department, University of Botswana. Her archaeological research interest focuses on investigating the origin and evolution of the cattle post institution amongst the Tswana and on engaging communities in archaeological research and heritage conservation.

ORCID

Nonofho Mathibidi Ndobochani http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4997-5370

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