Abstract
THIS PAPER EXAMINES the archaeological evidence for hand spinning in medieval Britain from c 1200 to c 1500. Ceramic, stone and baked clay spindle whorls have dominated the excavated finds, but a new corpus of lead-alloy spindle whorls, recorded through the Portable Antiquities Scheme and Scottish Treasure Trove, is presented here. Analysis of the metal whorls’ distribution, manufacture, dating and decoration is provided, illuminating the wide social and economic contexts in which they were used. From memento mori of pious spinners to sexually potent objects representative of lubricious gossips, the ubiquitous spindle whorl was a universal tool that had a powerful agency. The artefacts are small finds embodying daily life but also tie into the wider national economy of the High and Late Middle Ages.
Résumé
Filage et fusaïoles : les traces archéologiques de la filature artisanale et ses répercussions sociales, vers 1200-1500 par Eleanor R Standley
Ce papier examine les traces archéologiques en rapport avec le filage artisanal dans la Grande-Bretagne médiévale, d’environ 1200 à 1500. Les fusaïoles en céramique, en pierre et en argile cuite figurent de manière prédominante dans les résultats des fouilles, mais un nouveau corpus de fusaïoles en alliage de plomb, recensées par l’intermédiaire du « Portable Antiquities Scheme » et du « Scottish Treasure Trove », est présenté ici. La répartition des fusaïoles métalliques, ainsi que leur fabrication, leur datation et leur décoration sont analysées, permettant d’éclairer plus largement les contextes sociaux et économiques dans lesquels elles étaient utilisées. Memento mori de pieuses fileuses, ou objet imbu d’un pouvoir sexuel et représentatif de commérages lubriques, la fusaïole omniprésente était un outil universel aux puissants effets. Petits objets de la vie quotidienne, ces artefacts sont aussi liés globalement à l’économie nationale du milieu et de la fin du moyen-âge.
Zusammenfassung
Garn spinnen: Die archäologischen Nachweise für das Handspinnen und seine gesellschaftlichen Implikationen, ca. 1200-1500 n.Chr. von Eleanor R Standley
Dieser Artikel untersucht die archäologischen Nachweise für Handspinnen im mittelalterlichen Britannien zwischen 1200-1500 n.Chr. Spinnwirtel aus Keramik, Stein und gebranntem Ton dominieren in den Funden aus Ausgrabungen, aber ein neuer Korpus von Spinnwirteln aus einer Bleilegierung, der im Rahmen des Portable Antiquities Scheme und des Scottish Treasure Trove dokumentiert wurde, wird hier vorgestellt. Eine Analyse der Verteilung, Herstellung, Datierung und Verzierungen dieser Metallspinnwirteln wird vorgestellt und zeigt den weiteren sozialen und wirtschaftlichen Kontext auf, in dem diese Spinnwirteln benutzt wurden. Vom “memento mori” frommer Spinnerinnen bis hin zu sexuell expliziten Gegenständen, die eher für lüsterne Klatschmäuler zu stehen scheinen, war der Spinnwirtel ein allgemein verbreitetes Werkzeug, das eine mächtige Wirkkraft hatte. Die Gegenstände sind kleine Funde, die das Alltagsleben verkörpern, aber auch eine Verbindung zur weiteren Volkswirtschaft des Hoch- und Spätmittelalters herstellen.
Riassunto
La filatura: testimonianze archeologiche della filatura a mano e sue implicazioni sociali 1200 d.C ca -1500 d.C. ca di Eleanor R Standley
In questa pubblicazione si prendono in esame le testimonianze archeologiche della filatura a mano nella Britannia medievale dal 1200 ca al 1500 ca. Tra i fusaioli provenienti dagli scavi il predominio spetta a quelli di ceramica, di pietra e di terracotta, ma qui viene presentato un nuovo corpus di fusaioli in lega di piombo, registrati presso il Portable Antiquities Scheme e presso il Treasure Trove in Scozia. Si fornisce un’analisi della distribuzione, della manifattura, della datazione e della decorazione dei fusaioli di metallo, mettendo in luce gli ampi contesti sociali ed economici nei quali venivano usati. Dai memento mori di devote filatrici agli oggetti di prepotente sessualità a testimonianza di pettegolezzi lascivi, l’onnipresente fusaiolo era uno strumento universale dotato di potenti effetti. I manufatti sono piccoli ritrovamenti che danno forma concreta alla vita quotidiana ma che si collegano anche alla più larga economia nazionale dell’Alto e del Tardo Medioevo.
Acknowledgements
Thanks are due to Mark Hall for the information regarding the finds in the collections of Perth Museum and Art Gallery; to Nick Watson, Christopher Gerrard and Alejandra Gutiérrez for reading and commenting on earlier drafts of this paper; to Frances Pritchard and the second anonymous reviewer for their suggestions; and to the editors. My thanks also to Abi Tompkins, the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, the Morgan Library and Museum, New York, Perth Museum and Art Gallery, and Museum Vleeshuis, Antwerp.
Notes
38 Williams Citation1997, fig 64 nos 42 and 43, fig 67 no 17, fig 76 no 2.
46 Nicholason Citation1997a, tab 10.18. Of the total 63 dating from c 1000–1600, nine were lead and five were bone, the remainder were made of stone.
52 This continued error is especially prevalent in the PAS records.
57 Kania Citation2015. See also Nicholson Citation2015. In Nicholson’s experiments based on 8th-century ceramic whorls from Ribe (Denmark) and wool thread, it was suggested that the amount of twist remained the same for a given diameter of whorl, regardless of weight, but that the whorl design did affect the quality of thread produced. However, all Nicholson’s experiments were carried out by one spinner (the author), using one type of wool, meaning that other spinners may have produced different yarns based on their level of skill and competence, regardless of whorl design.
59 See Robbins Citation2014 for discussion of these areas and their effect on PAS data.
67 Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Inv No GG_1025.
78 Hall Citation2003, 48; Perth Museum and Art Gallery accession no 119.
79 Mark Hall pers comm 2015.
80 Musée Gallo-Romain de Fourvière MOU-9005.
81 Metal-detecting in France with the aim of looking for archaeological material is forbidden, therefore detectorists’ finds are not generally recorded, and there is no systematic recording allowing full analysis or interpretation of the finds.
85 Staatliche Museum, Gemäldgalerie, Berlin.
86 Magyar Nemzeti Galéria Inv no 52.656.
94 Found in the Chester area (Cheshire), Oakden Citation2009.
100 Spencer Citation1983, 81–3. Mary is known as ‘Star of the Sea’ from the translation of her name Stella Maris. Stars also feature in later medieval depictions of the Annunciation, Christ’s Nativity, Adoration of the Magi, and the enthroned Virgin and Child, for example, a 15th-century pilgrim badge from the shrine of Our Lady, Walsingham, and a mid- to late 14th-century badge from Cologne, both in the MoL (inv nos 83.608 and 94.102). See also Spencer Citation1990, 39–40; Spencer Citation1998, 174–5 for discussion of star pilgrim badges or amulets related to Christ.
101 348 as of 31 October 2014.
109 Laura Burnett, Mary Siraut and Naomi Payne pers comm, cited in Boughton Citation2012; see Sayers Citation2008 for terminology.
112 Spinning has also been associated with evil witches, spells and magic, see Jones and Stallybrass Citation2000, 128.
113 Staatsbibliothek, Berlin, MS germ qu 718, fol 65v.
114 See Stewart Citation2003 for a discussion of this image, and the religious and cultural context in Nuremberg at the time of its creation.
115 Cf Jones Citation2002 interpretation of vulva badges as good luck charms.
118 St Fiacre of Breuil, an Irish saint who settled in Breuil (France); his relics were enshrined by Bishop Faro in Meaux Cathedral. Thirty-one badges on the Kunera database depict Houpdée. <http://www.kunera.nl>.
119 Kunera database no 17071 <http://www.kunera.nl>. The vulva figure is now damaged and it is not clear whether she originally held something too.
121 For example in St Boltoph’s, Boston (Lincolnshire), Westminster Abbey (London), Barcelona and Toledo cathedrals (Spain).
122 Add MS 42 130 fol 60r.
134 Muldrew Citation2012 has also shown the importance of spinners in the period 1550–1770 and that spinning was a profitable occupation carried out in the household during this time.
135 Muldrew Citation2012; Styles Citation2013, no 31. Many of the processes of textile production would have taken place in different locations, as seen in the case against John Stoby of Cirencester who failed to pay ulnage (the duty charged on cloth exposed for sale) on 36 ‘Bristol reds’ in 1459. The ‘Bristol reds’ were woven and dyed in Cirencester and then delivered by packhorses to six fullers in Stroud, eight miles away. At the fullers the cloth was watered, washed, fulled, teased and sheared, then returned to Stoby in Cirencester for transport to markets, see Childs Citation2006, 270–1.
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