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Abstract
SUMMARY: The aim of this paper is to determine the degree of standardization of pottery production and the units of measure that regulated their production. The group chosen to test this methodology is known as the Spanish olive jar. It is a series of productions manufactured in the south of the Iberian Peninsula throughout the Early Modern Period. The methodology begins with the morphometric characterisation of each vessel around a series of quantitative variables. Then, the Test for Normality is performed, and the Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient is calculated. Subsequently, a Cluster Analysis identifies different groups of Spanish olive jars. The Principal Component Analysis provides additional information that allows for a deeper understanding of the groups obtained. As a final step, calculating the Coefficient of Variation allows us to know the degree of standardization of each variable. Finally, once all these data are known, the possible units of measure that governed the production system of the Spanish olive jar can be recognized.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes to thank the Gobierno del Principado de Asturias, the University of Oviedo (Campus de Excelencia Internacional),and Banco Santander for their support of and economic funding of the research Project with the programs: “Severo Ochoa” Ayudas Predoctorales para la investigación y docencia del Principado de Asturias (FICYT); Ayudas económicas a estudiantes de doctorado de la Universidad de Oviedo que vayan a realizar una tesis doctoral en una universidad extranjera en cotutela and Ayudas económicas de movilidad de excelencia para docentes e investigadores de la Universidad de Oviedo.
SUMMARY IN FRENCH, ITALIAN, GERMAN AND SPANISH
RÉSUMÉ
Standardisation et unités de mesures utilisées dans la production de céramique; le cas de la botijuela postmédiévale ou la jarre d'olive espagnole produite à Séville
Cet article vise à déterminer le degré de standardisation de la production de la poterie et les unités de mesure qui ré gulent sa production. Legroupe choisi pour tester cette méthodologie est celui des jarres d'olives espagnoles (botijuela). C'est une sériede productions manufacturées dans le sud de lap éninsule ibérique au début de la période moderne. La méthodologie commence avec la caractérisation morphométrique de chaque poterie autour d’une série de variables quantitatives. Le Test de Normalité est ensuite réalisé, puis le coefficient de corrélation de Pearson est calculé. Par la suite, une analyse typologique permet d’identifier différents groupes de jarres d’olives espagnoles. L’analyse en composantes principales fournit des informations complémentaires qui apportent une compréhension approfondie des groupes obtenus. En derniére étape, le calcul du Coefficient de Variation nouspermet de connaítre le degré de standardisation de chaque variable. Enfin, une fois que toutes ces données sont connues, les unités possibles de mesure qui gouvernent le systéme de production des jarres d’olives espagnoles peut être identifié.
RIASSUNTO
Standardizzazione e unità di misura usate nella produzione di ceramica. Il caso della botijuela post-medievale, ossia l'anfora da olio spagnolo realizzato a Siviglia
Scopo di questo contributo é stabilire il livello di standardizzazione di una produzione ceramica equali unità di misura regolassero la sua realizzazione. La tipologia scelta per testare questa metodología è nota come anfora spagnola da olio (botijuela). Si tratta di una serie di produzioni realizzate nel sud della Penisola Iberica durante la prima età moderna. La metodologia impiegata muove dall’identificazione delle caratteristiche morfologiche di ciascun recipiente considerando una serie di variabili quantitative. Si procede quindi con il test diverifica della normalità e viene calcolato il coeficiente di correlazione lineare. Successivamente, tramite il clustering, si identificano i gruppi di anfore spagnole da olio. L’analisi delle componenti principali fornisce ulteriori informazioni che permettono di comprendere in maniera più approfondita i gruppi così ottenuti. Come passo finale, il calcolo del coefficiente di variazione ci permette di conoscere il livello di standardizzazione di ciascuna variabile. Per concludere, quando tutti questi valori sono noti, è possibile individuare su quali unità di misura si basasse il sistema di produzione delle anfore spagnole da olio.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Standardisierung und Maßeinheiten in der Keramikproduktion. Der Fall des Nach-mittelalterlichen Botijuela oder der spanische Oliven Tiegel gemacht in Sevilla
Das Ziel dieses Artikels ist, den Grad der Standardisierung für die Keramikproduktion und die Maßeinheiten zu bestimmen, die ihre Produktion regelt. Die Gruppe, die ausgewählt wurde, diese Methode zu testen, ist bekannt unter dem Namen ‘das spanische Olivenglas’. Eine Reihe von Produkten sind im Süden der iberischen Halbinsel während der Frühneuzeit hergestellt wurden. Die Methode beginnt mit der morphometrischen Charakterisierung der einzelnen Schiffe, um eine Reihe von quantitativen Variablen zu erstellen. Dann wird der Test auf Normalverteilung ausgeführt, und der Produkt-Moment-Korrelationskoeffizient berechnet. Sobald diese Daten bekannt sind, können schließlich die möglichen Maßeinheiten, die das Produktionssystem des spanischen Oliven Glases bestimmt, anerkennen. Anschließend identifiziert eine Clusteranalyse verschiedene Gruppen von spanischen Oliven Gläser. Die Hauptkomponenten-Analyse enthält zusätzliche Informationen, die ein tieferes Verständnis der Gruppen enthalten kann. Als letzter Schritt, Berechnung des Koeffizientes der Variation, ermäglicht es uns, den Grad der Standardisierung der einzelnen Variablen zu erkennen. Schließlich, sobald diese Daten bekannt sind, können die möglichen Maßeinheiten für das System der spanischen Oliven Tiegel erkannt werden.
RESUMEN
Estandarización y unidades de medida utilizadas en la producción de cer_amica: el caso de la botijuela post-medieval u olive jar hecha en Sevilla
El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar el grado de estandarización de una producción cerámica y las unidades de medida que regulan su producción. El grupo elegido para probar esta metodología se conoce como Spanish olive jar o botijuela, fabricada en el sur de la Península Ibérica a lo largo del período moderno temprano. La metodología hace una caracterización morfométrica de cada vasija usando varias variables cuantitativas. Después se realiza la ‘prueba de normalidad’, y se calcula el coeficiente de ‘correlación producto momento’; a éste sigue un análisis de grupos de las diversas botijuelas. El análisis de componentes principales identifica además diversos grupos de botijuelas, mientras el análisis de componentes principales ayuda a entender mejor dichos grupos. También se calcula el coeficiente de variación para identificar el grado de estandarización de cada variable. Finalmente, con todos estos datos se pueden identificar las posibles unidades de medida que regían el sistema de producción de estas botijuelas.
Miguel Busto-Zapico Juan de la Cierva-Formación, University of Granada, Departamento de Historia Medieval y Ciencias y Técnicas Historiogràficas, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Campus Universitario de Cartuja C.P. 18071 (Granada), Spain. [[email protected]]
Notes
1 Orton & Hughes 2013, 144-9.
2 Goggin 1960.
3 Zunzunegui 1965, 23.
4 Díaz Díaz 2016, 244; Busto-Zapico & Fernández López 2018.
5 Azkarate Garai-Olaun & Núñez Marcén 1990/1991, 173-82.
6 Amores Carredano & Chisvert Jiménez 1993, 308-11.
7 Velasquez & Salgado-Ceballos 2018.
8 Díaz Díaz 2016; Azkarate Garai-Olaun & Núñez Marcén 1990/1991; Amores Carredano & Chisvert Jiménez 1993; Escribano Cobo & Mederos Martín 1999; Busto-Zapico & Fernández López 2018.
9 Amores Carredano & Chisvert Jiménez 1993.
10 Ferrer et al. 2015.
11 This investigation aims to define the productions manufactured in Seville so that subsequent research can include examples from other manufacturing contexts. This would determine whether Sevillian standards were followed or modified in different places. If this study included pieces with unknown places of production, the statistical analyses would not be conclusive, even if the sample analysed exceeded 40 specimens.
12 Goggin 1960, 1968.
13 Goggin 1960, 23-8.
14 Goggin 1968, 228.
15 In the present study, the vessels classified by Goggin as: Type A - Early Style olive jar (or cantimploras) have not been considered. Not enough specimens have been found from which to extract the necessary variables for the statistical analyses.
16 Deagan 1987; Lister & Lister 1987; Marken 1994.
17 Amores Carredano & Chisvert Jiménez 1993; Pleguezuelo-Hernández et al. 1999.
18 Escribano Cobo & Mederos Martín 1999, 183, 199-200.
19 Avery 1997, 130-48.
20 Goggin 1960, 5; Zunzunegui 1965, 23; Lister & Lister 1987, 165; Amores Carredano & Chisvert Jiménez 1993, 286; Pleguezuelo-Hernández 1993, 39; Marken 1994, 46-8; Avery 1997, 130-48.
21 Pleguezuelo-Hernández 1993, 39.
22 Benito Domínguez 2010, 16.
23 López Rosendo & Ruiz Gil 2012.
24 Loureiro & Martinho 2007; Newstead 2015.
25 Costeira da Silva 2018.
26 Goggin 1960, 5.
27 Rice 2011; Kellowayet al. 2016.
28 Ferrer et al. 2015; Gómez Ferrer 2016; Kelloway et al. 2016.
29 de la Vega et al. 2013.
30 Amores Carredano & Chisvert Jiménez 1993; Pleguezuelo-Hernández et al. 1999.
31 Azkarate Garai-Olaun & Núñez Marcén 1990/1991.
32 Rodríguez Asensio & Noval Fonseca 1996; Díaz Díaz 2016.
33 Goggin 1960, 7.
34 Molas Ribalta 1998, 136-40.
35 All the Spanish olive jars discussed below and those that have been discovered in such distant places were all identified as Sevillian productions. Therefore, they are parallel to the forms studied and analysed in this investigation.
36 Gutiérrez 2012, 39.
37 Gawronski et al. 2012, 185.
38 Dąbal 2010, 68.
39 Carlsson, Forsblom Ljungdahl, & Gustavsson 2017, 26-7, Fig. 23.
40 Ness 2015, 317.
41 Escribano Cobo & Mederos Martín 1999, 182-3.
42 Velasquez & Salgado-Ceballos 2018.
43 Alzate Gallego 2016.
44 Jamieson et al. 2013.
45 Pasquali & Escribano Ruiz 2013.
46 Escribano Ruiz & Barreiro Argüelles 2016, 33.
47 Kawaguchi 2011, 124.
48 Skowronek 1998, 60-2.
49 Kelloway et al. 2016.
50 Fletcher & Lock 2005; Moscati 1987; Shennan 1988.
51 Orton 1982, 25-64, 208-12, 2012; Orton & Hughes 2013, 144-9.
52 Holzhausen & Rottländer 1970; Rottländer 1966, 1967, 1968.
53 Amores Carredano & Chisvert Jiménez 1993; Rodríguez Asensio & Noval Fonseca 1996; Díaz Díaz 2016; Ferrer et al. 2015; Busto-Zapico & Fernández López 2018.
54 Clarke 1968.
55 Barceló 2010, 98.
56 Aguilera Martín 1998; Hodder 1979; Moscati 1987, 71; Orton & Hughes 2013, 190-202; Rottländer 1966; Shennan 1988, 262-6.
57 Fletcher & Lock 2005, 5.
58 The volume or net capacity has been calculated through the Ramos Gil method (2010) and the use of computer-aided design (Busto-Zapico 2015, 207-13). At present, calculating volume is beginning to have greater importance in ceramic studies as a method of quantification (Poulain 2013, 110). To perform the statistical analyses, the results of variable 6 has been squared to minimise possible errors.
59 These 6 variables define the shape of the pieces. When studying its standardization and the measures that conditions its production, this study focuses on morphometric variables. We have excluded other variables such as the use or absence of glaze, because they are not relevant for this study’s proposed objectives.
60 Working with more variables would require an increase in the size of the ceramic sample. In archaeological contexts, it is difficult to ensure that more than 40 complete pieces come from the same production centre.
61 Shapiro & Wilk 1965.
62 Barceló 2007, 59-73; Carrero Pazos 2017; Esquivel, Serrano & Jiménez-Arenas 2015; Galilea Martínez 2009, 651-73.
63 Barceló 2007, 61-4.
64 Fletcher & Lock 2005, 105-11.
65 Barceló 2007, 64.
66 Barceló 2007, 64.
67 Barceló 2007, 59.
68 Baxter 2015, 33.
69 Barceló 2007, 85-98; Baxter 2015, 33-8; Carrero Pazos 2017; Fletcher & Lock 2005, 115-27; Orton 1982, 57-8; Shennan 1988, 126-31.
70 Barceló 2007, 92-96; Fletcher & Lock 2005, 118-23.
71 Orton & Hughes 2013, 194.
72 Aguilera Martín 1998; Baxter 2015, 140-84; Fletcher & Lock 2005, 140-5; Moscati 1987, 77-89; Orton 1982, 46-55; Shennan 1988, 212-32; Wilcock & Shennan 1975.
73 Ferrer et al. 2015; Gómez Ferrer 2016; Kellowayet al. 2016.
74 Bisquerra Alzina 1989, 410-2.The squared euclidean distance has been taken as an interval measure and the variables have been standardized (Z Scores). Ward's Method seeks to make the clusters as homogeneous as possible and has been employed frequently in other ceramic studies (Shennan 1988, 217-22).
75 Baxter 2015, 48-62.
76 Baxter 2015, 48-99; Moscati 1987, 91-6; Orton 1982, 56-62; Orton & Hughes 2013, 193-96; Shennan 1988, 245-70.The Varimax Rotation Method has been used in our batches, together with Kaiser Normalization and Rotation Converged in 3 Iterations.
77 Orton & Hughes 2013, 147-8.
78 The CV is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean; the resulting figure is then multiplied one hundred (Shennan 1988, 57).
79 Costin & Hagstrum 1995, 631.
80 Costin &Hagstrum 1995; Longacre 1999; Eerkens & Bettinger 2001; Roux 2003.
81 Eerkens & Bettinger 2001, 497.
82 Revello Lami 2014, 5-8.
83 Roux 2003, 780.
84 Longacre 1999, 49-53.
85 Eerkens 2000, 667.
86 Roux 2003, 780.
87 Roux 2003, 780.
88 Eerkens & Bettinger 2001, 495; Ogle 1950, 231.
89 Eerkens & Bettinger 2001, 496.
90 Rottländer 1966, 1967, 1968; Holzhausen & Rottländer 1970; Orton 1982, 221-5; Busto-Zapico 2018; Busto-Zapico & Cirelli 2018.
91 Puente Feliz 1982; Gutiérrez Bringas 1996.
92 Gutiérrez Bringas 1996, 248.
93 Puente Feliz 1982, 121-3.
94 Azkarate Garai-Olaun & Núñez Marcén 1990/1991, 162; Goggin 1960, 26.
95 Barceló 2007, 87.
96 Amores Carredano & Chisvert Jiménez 1993, 284, 309-10; Escribano Cobo & Mederos Martín 1999, 200; Goggin 1960, 28.
97 Amores Carredano & Chisvert Jiménez 1993, 285, 311; Escribano Cobo & Mederos Martín 1999, 200; Goggin 1960, 28.
98 Amores Carredano & Chisvert Jiménez 1993, 283-285. 308-10; Escribano Cobo & Mederos Martín 1999, 199-200; Goggin 1960, 28.
99 Amores Carredano & Chisvert Jiménez 1993, 283-5; Escribano Cobo & Mederos Martín 1999, 199; Goggin 1960, 28.
100 Revello Lami 2014, 8.
101 Roux 2003, 780.
102 Roux 2003, 780.
103 Puente Feliz 1982, 125.
104 Lobo Cabrera 1993, 41-177.
105 Gutiérrez Bringas 1996, 248.
106 Gutiérrez Bringas 1996, 248.
107 Lobo Cabrera 1993, 41-177.
108 Roux 2003, 780.
109 Roux 2003, 780.
110 Amores Carredano & Chisvert Jiménez 1993, 286.
111 Amores Carredano & Chisvert Jiménez 1993, 286.
112 Lister & Lister 1987, 132-3; Amores Carredano & Chisvert Jiménez 1993, 286.
113 Busto-Zapico & Cirelli 2018.