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Abstract
Following the failure of the Pilgrimage of Grace, which was overwhelmingly supported in Craven, the acceptance of the Protestant Reformed Church and the introduction of the Book of Common Prayer imposed by Edward VI and his advisors, as in much of the North, was slow and reluctant. Surviving sources reveal that the region did not readily embrace reform and continued to cling to traditional piety and worship. Evidence reveals that belief in intercession and purgatory continued well into the reign of Edward VI, supported by ex-religious clerics and a conservative gentry. Despite the imposition of the Edwardian injunctions, in many parishes church goods, endowments and chantry chapels were concealed from the authorities, facilitated by the remoteness of the region.
Notes
1 T[he] N[ational] A[rchives], E 314/37/12 (29 October 1551).
2 Duffy, Stripping of the Altars, 448–77; MacCulloch, Later Reformation, 11–17; MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer; Ryrie, The Gospel and Henry VIII; Marshall and Ryrie, Beginnings of English Protestantism; Ives, The Reformation Experience; Shagan, Popular Politics, 272–3.
3 Shagan, Popular Politics, 272–3.
4 See Haig, English Reformations, 169–70; Hutton, “Local Impact,” 121–2; Duffy, Voices of Morebath, 118–41; Fincham and Tyacke, Altars Restored, 9–17.
5 See Hoyle, Pilgrimage of Grace; Bush and Bownes, Defeat of the Pilgrimage of Grace.
6 Spence, “Early Puritan Evangelism.” Grindelton was a township in Mitton parish.
7 Spufford, Contrasting Communities and “Religious Preambles,” 144–57; Litzenberger, Reformation and the Laity; Duffy, Stripping of the Altars, 505–23; Craig, Reformation, Politics and Polemics; Marsh, Popular Religion; Marsh, Family of Love and “Attitudes to Will Making,” 158–75; Lutton, Lollardy and Orthodox Religion; Lutton and Salter, Pieties in Transition; Lowe, Commonwealth; Dickens, Lollards and Protestant, 215–18, Dickens, English Reformation, 214–6; Cross, “Development of Protestantism,” 230–8.
8 Alsop, “Religious Preambles,” 19–27.
9 Craig and Litzenberger, “Wills as Religious Propaganda,” 415–31.
10 Watson, “Aspects of Religious Change,” 101–2.
11 Gurney and Clay, Fasti Parochiales, passim; Whitaker, Deanery of Craven.
12 For a comprehensive account of Craven's role in The Pilgrimage of Grace, see Bush and Bownes, Defeat of the Pilgrimage, 145–98.
13 John Deyne, for example, presented by Richard Norton by a grant from Henry, earl of Westmoreland in 1551 held a moiety in both Linton and Burnsall parishes until his death in the 1590s; B[orthwick] I[nstitute], CP.G. 3027.
14 Spence, “Piety, Conformity and Dissent.”
15 Royal Injunctions of Edward VI, 1547 in Frere, ed. Visitation Articles, 114–30. The churchwardens' accounts St Michael Spurriergate, York in 1548 document the expenses for the removal of altar tables, ornaments and images, and costs incurred for whitewashing the church walls: Webb, Churchwardens' Accounts, 330–1.
16 Cited in Dickens, “Robert Parkyn’s Narrative,” 296.
17 BI, Prob. 13, fol. 427.
18 Spence, 'Piety, Conformity and Dissent’, chapter 3.4; app. 1.
19 Haigh, Reformation and Resistance, 146–7.
20 Rosenthal, ‘Yorkshire Chantry Certificates’, 30–1.
21 Krieder, English Chantries, 15.
22 Frere, Visitation Articles, 114–30.
23 Page, Certificates of the Commissioners, xiii-xiv.
24 Kitching, ‘Redistribution of Collegiate and Chantry Property’, 209.
25 Litzenberger, Reformation and the Laity,63.
26 Haigh, Tudor Lancashire, 161; Smith, Land and Politics, 142; John Lambert the Elder of Calton in Malhamdale (d. 1569), was the great-grandfather of General John Lambert.
27 BI, Prob. 9, fol. 329.
28 Page, Chantries, ii, 252–4.
29 Spence, 'Piety, Conformity and Dissent’, chapter 8.4; BI, HC.AB.10, fol.168v.
30 TNA, E315/123/152; Shagan, Popular Politics, 251.
31 Page, Chantries, 243–4. Presumably the Rood chantry is to be identified with the Holy Cross Chantry in Skipton, cited in the list of pensions: TNA, E101/7/76/9.
32 The Sherbourne family were Catholics, but continued to maintain positions of power within the North. Three of the townships of the parish of Mitton were in Lancashire.
33 Page, Chantries, 250–1.
34 For example the guild to St Sythe and St George in Gargrave, founded about 1532. See Spence, 'Piety, Conformity and Dissent’, chapter 2.8; BI, Prob.11, fols 8, 319, 681; Valor Ecclesiasticus, 143.
35 BI, Prob.11, fol. 495.
36 BI, AB.Reg.29, fol.78v; images remained in Mitton church in July 1546. Thomas Kellet, Vicar of Mitton, requested burial 'in the highe quere afore the Image of Al Hallows'; Page, Chantries, 406–12.
37 TNA, E101/76/9.
38 In 1552 Stephen Ellis was witnessing Skipton wills; in 1562 under Elizabeth he was deprived of his living and fled to Lancashire.
39 BI, Prob.5, fol. 411; Page, Chantries, 245.
40 Very little is known of William Ermysted's early origins, although his name Ermysted/Armistead derives from the parish of Giggleswick, and presumably he had connections with Craven.
41 Gibbon, The Ancient Free Grammar School, 19.
42 TNA, Prob.11, fol.42a.
43 Ermysted's Grammar School Archives, Skipton.
44 Leach, Early Yorkshire Schools, 232–4, 237.
45 This policy was continued under Elizabeth.
46 BI, AB.Reg.14, fol. 27v; Gurney and Clay, Fasti Parochiales, 53. It may also be that John Nowell was kin to licensed preacher and reformer Alexander Nowell, who was from nearby Whalley; Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS.Top.Yorks, C.13, fol. 148; in 1669 Nathaniel Johnson noted in his topographical survey of Craven parishes that John Nowell was, ‘the greatest instrument in the procuring ‘of the Free School’ at the time of Edward VI,’ see Page, Chantries, 411.
47 Page, Chantries, 407.
48 Duffy, Morebath, passim.
49 Page, Chantries, 250.
50 Ibid., x.
51 TNA, E315/123/151.
52 TNA, E315/115/11.
53 TNA, E315/115; chalices were replaced by communion cups — bigger drinking vessels to accommodate participation by the laity in the Communion service.
54 TNA, E315/123/152.
55 BI, Prob. 13, fols 873; 910; 1016.
56 Statutes of the Realm, IV, Pt. 1, 1819, facsimile 1975, xv, 28–9. Accessed 21 January 2017. http://www.archive.org/details/statutesrealm00etcgoog.
57 Kitching, “Church and Chapelry,” 281–2.
58 B[ritish] L[ibrary], Add. MS 46353, fols 315v, 316v.
59 For further information see Spence, “Ancient Chapel of St Helen,” 52–67.
60 TNA, C1/1373/84.
61 TNA, SP 1/221, fol.113.
62 TNA, C1/1373/84.
63 North Yorkshire County Record Office, Malham Tarn Deeds, 2EP, No.10, Nov. 156[7].
64 TNA, C1/1373/84.
65 TNA, E 315/123/153.
66 TNA, C1/1373/84.
67 BL, Add. MS 40010, fo.14.
68 Archaeologist Mark Roberts and his students at University College London carried out digs on the chapel site in both July 2015 and 2016. Much of the documentary evidence relating to the chapel’s destruction in 1549 was confirmed. An infant's body had been buried between the nave and the chancel; it seems this burial had taken place shortly after the chapel was destroyed, but before it was completely derelict. This may suggest that the site continued to be regarded as sacred for some time after its demolition. Archaeological reports are forthcoming. For further information and photographs see the Malham Chapel Dig website (https://malhamchapeldig.wordpress.com/).
69 TNA, E314/37/12; Farnley and Baildon were both in Otley parish at this time; interestingly a John Hewson/Hewetson, merchant of York, and churchwarden of St Michael, Spurriergate, Ousebridge, York, purchased two tenements in 1552. They had been chantry endowments, situated in St Michael’s cemetery, very close to the landing from which lead would be shipped from York to Hull: BI, PR Y/MS, fol. 94.
70 TNA, E315/520/24-5.
71 Ibid.
72 TNA, C1/1373/84.
73 TNA, E315/105/192-93. Farnley chapel was allowed to continue ‘for the ease of the sayd Inhirbytantes’. Payment was to be made by Clapham and Lambert, for ‘recompense of the Spoyle’ and the lead returned.
74 Shagan, Popular Politics, 264–6.
75 Dickens, “Some Popular Reactions to the Edwardian Reformation in Yorkshire,” 26 in A.G. Dickens, Reformation Studies.
76 TNA, E315/123/153-54.
77 TNA, E315/123/277.
78 Wallbank was still priest in Bolton-by-Bowland in 1551: BI, Prob.13, fol. 825.
79 TNA, E315/123/153-54.
80 TNA, E315/520/113; John Rycroft originated from Kildwick, becoming Sergeant of the Larder to Henry VIII. Curiously, there is no reference to the bequest in his surviving will. It may be that the bequest was in an earlier will or a codicil was attached, which has not survived: TNA, Prob.11/24.
81 Spence, “Piety, Conformity and Dissent,” chap. 2.7.
82 TNA, E315/105/265.
83 Jones, English Reformation, 77–9.
84 TNA, E315/123/ 277.
85 Kitching, “Church and Chapelry,” 270.
86 TNA, E315/123/277.
87 BI, Prob.14, fol.169.
88 Parish, Clerical Marriage, 235.
89 BI, Chanc. AB.7, fol. 116r–116v; Gurney and Clay, Fasti Parochiales, 32, 48; Dickens, “The Marian Reaction,” 114–21.
90 Haigh, Tudor Lancashire, 143.
91 Duffy, Stripping of the Altars, 465.
92 Haigh, English Reformations, 182.
93 Duffy, Morebath, 119–20, 163.
94 Jones, Reformation, 61.
95 BI, Prob. 13, fols 368; 580; 1016; Prob. 15, i, fol 338.
96 BI, Prob.13, fol. 689.
97 BI, Prob.13, fols 358; 426; 502; 785.
98 BI, Prob.13, fols 502; 712.
99 BI, Prob.13, fol.613.
100 BI, Prob.13, fols 429, 614, 925.
101 BI, Prob.13, fols 506; 614; 873; 910; 925; 1016.
102 During the 1536 Pilgrimage of Grace rebellion, a bill was posted on Arncliffe church door to Vicar Ellis, demanding that he continued to ‘byde beads’ and other traditional rituals 'as hath been accustomed': TNA, SP 1/107, fol.143.
103 Spence, “Piety, Conformity and Dissent,” chap. 3.2.
104 BI, AB.Reg. 29, fol. 106.
105 BI, Prob.13, fol. 987.
106 BI, Prob.13, fo.925.
107 BI, Prob.13, fo.1016.
108 Wood, Memory of the People, 91.
109 Shagan, Popular Reformation, 304, 298.
110 Wood, Memory of the People, 93.
111 Davies, Religion of the Word, chap. 3.