The political significance of cultural nationalism: the Slavophiles and their notion of a Russian enlightenment

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Notes

F. Meinecke, Cosmopolitanism and the National State (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1970), pp. 10, 12.

H. Kohn, The Idea of Nationalism (New York, Macmillan, 1945), pp. 3–4, 329–331. See J. Plamenatz, “Two Types of Nationalism,” in E. Kamenka, ed. Nationalism (London, Edward Arnold, 1976) for a similar distinction between Eastern and Western nationalism. Liah Greenfeld upholds this distinction between a culturally based “ethnic nationalism” and a political “civic nationalism” in her Nationalism. Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1993). See also M. Ignatieff, Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism (New York, Farrer, Strauss and Giroux, 1993).

M. Hughes, Nationalism and Society. Germany 1800–1945 (London, Arnold, 1988), pp. 22–23. Andrzej Walicki talks about two different types of Romantic nationalism: the progressive and the conservative. See his Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism: The Case of Poland (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1982), p. 77.

W. Kymlicka, “Misunderstanding Nationalism;” K. Nielsen, “Cultural Nationalism, Neither Ethnic nor Civic;” and B. Yack, “The Myth of the Civic Nation,” in R. Beiner, ed., Theorizing Nationalism (Albany, SUNYPress, 1999).

See E. Kedourie, Nationalism (London, Hutchinson, 1966), p. 58; E. Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Oxford, Blackwell, 1983), pp. 57–61; A. D. Smith, Theories of Nationalism (London, Duckworth, 1971), pp. 171–211; J. Breuilly, Nationalism and the State (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1993), pp. 1–2; Greenfeld, Nationalism; Kohn, Idea of Nationalism; Hughes, Nationalism and Society.

F. C. Beiser, Enlightenment, Revolution, and Romanticism: The Genesis of Modern German Political Thought 1790–1800 (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1992); J. Hutchinson The Dynamics of Cultural Nationalism: The Gaelic Revival and the Creation of the Irish Nation State (London, Allen & Unwin, 1987).

See also K. Yoshino, Cultural Nationalism in Contemporary Japan (London, Routledge, 1992); A‐chin Hsiau, Contemporary Taiwanese Cultural Nationalism (London and New York, Routledge, 2000).

Hutchinson, Dynamics of Cultural Nationalism, pp. 2–3.

Ibid., pp. 9, 14–16; I. Berlin, Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas (London, Hogarth, 1976), p. 26.

See A. Walicki, The Slavophile Controversy (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1975); A. Walicki, A History of Russian Thought from the Enlightenment to Marxism (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1979); M. Raeff, Russian Intellectual History. An Anthology (New Jersey, Humanities Press, 1978); A. Gleason, European and Muscovite: Ivan Kireevsky and the Origins of Slavophilism (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press 1972); Iu. Z. Iankovskii, Patriarkhalno‐dvorianskaia utopiia (Moscow, Khadozhestvennaia Literatura, 1981); S. Carter, Russian Nationalism. Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow (London, Pinter, 1990); Greenfeld, Nationalism. For a different view, see E. A. Dudzinskaia, Slavianofily v obshchestvennoi borbe (Moscow, 1983); Slavianofily v poreformennoi Rossii (Moscow, 1994); N. I. Tsimbaev, Slavianofilstvo: iz istorii russkoi obshchestvennoi‐politicheskoi mysli XIX veka (Moscow, 1986); D. Saunders, Russia in the Age of Reaction and Reform 1801–1881 (London, Longman, 1992).

Walicki, The Slavophile Controversy, pp. 6, 450–454.

F. C. Copleston, Philosophy in Russia. From Herzen to Lenin and Berdyaev (Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press, 1986), p. 47.

N. V. Riasanovsky, Russia and the West in the Teaching of the Slavophiles (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1952), pp. 11, 154; Saunders, Russia in the Age of Reaction and Reform, pp. 117, 154–155, 162, 166; M. Malia, “What Is the Intelligentsia?” Daedalus, Summer 1960, p. 451; L. Schapiro, Rationalism and Nationalism in Russian Nineteenth‐Century Political Thought (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1967), pp. 62–63, 67; Copleston, Philosophy in Russia, p. 47.

E. Wirtschafter, Social Identity in Imperial Russia (Dekalb, IL, Northern Illinois University Press, 1997), pp. 30, 17, 32.

Ibid., pp. 22, 47; D. Lieven, The Aristocracy in Europe, 1815–1914 (Basingstoke, Macmillan, England, 1992), pp. 214–215.

Wirtschafter, Social Identity in Imperial Russia, pp. 87, 97–98.

M. Raeff, “The People, the Intelligentsia and Russian Political Culture,” Political Studies, Vol. 41, 1993, pp. 96–97; R. Pipes, “The Historical Evolution of the Russian Intelligentsia,” Daedalus, Summer 1960, p. 488; Lieven, Aristocracy in Europe, pp. 19, 179–180.

Raeff, “The People, the Intelligentsia,” pp. 97–98.

D. Pospielovsky, “A Comparative Enquiry into Neo‐Slavophilism and Its Antecedents in the Russian History of Ideas ,” Soviet Studies, No. 3, 1979, p. 319; P. Christoff, An Introduction to Nineteenth‐Century Slavophilism II: I. V. Kireevsky (The Hague, Mouton, 1972), p. 261; M. Raeff, Political Ideas and Institutions in Imperial Russia (Boulder, Westview Press, 1994), pp. 70–71.

M. Raeff, Origins of the Russian Intelligentsia: The Eighteenth‐Century Nobility (New York, Harcourt, Brace & Wild, 1966), p. 170; M. Malia, “What Is the Intelligentsia?,” Daedalus, Summer 1960, p. 449; Saunders, Russia in the Age of Reaction and Reform, p. 148.

Malia, “What Is the Intelligentsia?,” p. 450.

Wirtschafter, Social Identity in Imperial Russia, pp. 167–168; N. V. Riasanovsky, “Notes on the Emergence and Nature of the Russian Intelligentsia,” in T. G. Stavrou, ed., Art and Culture in Nineteenth Century Russia (Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, 1983), pp. 22–23.

Lieven, Aristocracy in Europe, p. 245.

Ibid.

Raeff, “The People, the Intelligentsia,” p. 98. The nobility were emancipated from compulsory service in 1762.

Lieven, Aristocracy in Europe, p. 245.

See Smith, Theories of Nationalism.

For the impact of Romanticism on contemporary Russian intellectuals, see Riasanovsky, Russia and the West in the Teaching of the Slavophiles; M. Malia, Alexander Herzen and the Birth of Russian Socialism 1812–1855, (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1961); E. C. Thaden, “The Beginnings of Romantic Nationalism in Russia,” American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 13, No. 4, 1954, pp. 500–521; F. Steppun, “Nemetskii romantism i russkoe slavianofilstvo,” Russkaia Mysl, March 1910. For the beginning of the nineteenth century, see A. Martin, Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries. Russian Conservative Thought and Politics in the Reign of Alexander I (Dekalb, IL, Northern Illinois University Press, 1997); Raeff, Political Ideas and Institutions.

A. Herzen, Selected Philosophical Works (Moscow, 1956), p. 94.

Ibid., pp. 12, 20.

Ibid., pp. 325–326.

V. F. Odoevsky, “Russkie nochi,” in Sochineniia kniazia V. F. Odoevskago (St Petersburg, Ivanov, 1844), pp. 313–314.

V. G. Belinsky, Selected Philosophical Works (Moscow, 1956), pp. 47, 101, 321, 380.

I. V. Kireevsky, Izbrannye stati (Moscow, Sovremennik, 1984), p. 61.

Ibid., pp. 77–78.

A. S. Khomiakov, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (Moscow, 1900–1914), Vol. 1, pp. 26–27, 80; Kireevsky, Izbrannye stati, pp. 71, 277; I. V. Kireevsky, “On the Nature of European Culture and Its Relation to the Culture of Russia,” in M. Raeff, ed., Russian Intellectual History: An Anthology (New York, Harcourt, 1966), pp. 192–194.

Khomiakov, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, Vol. 1, pp. 26–27.

Kireevsky, Izbrannye stati, p. 156.

Ibid., pp. 126, 118; Kireevsky, “On the Nature of European Culture,” p. 207.

Kireevsky Izbrannye stati, pp. 78, 97, 118.

Khomiakov, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, Vol. 1, pp. 26–27.

Kireevsky, “On the Nature of European Culture,” p. 207; Khomiakov, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, Vol. 1, pp. 66, 100–101.

Kireevsky, Izbrannye stati, pp. 77–78.

Kireevsky, “On the Nature of European Culture,” pp. 175, 195.

Khomiakov, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, Vol. 1, pp. 22, 28; Kireevsky, Izbrannye stati, pp. 153, 276–278.

See e.g. Belinsky, Selected Philosophical Works, pp. 205–206, 215, 381.

Khomiakov, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, Vol. 1, p. 66.

Ibid., pp. 27–28; Kireevsky, Izbrannye stati, pp. 193, 276–277.

Khomiakov, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, Vol. 1, pp. 59, 44; Vol. 3, p. 99.

Ibid., Vol. 1, pp. 27–28, Kireevsky, “On the Nature of European Culture,” p. 207.

A. Walicki, A History of Russian Thought from the Enlightenment to Marxism (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1979), pp. 162–170.