![Sample our Politics & International Relations journals, sign in here to start your FREE access for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5947/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Politics-International-Relations.jpg"})
Notes
∗The author wishes to thank the International Institute for Education (New York) and the Carnegie Trust of Scotland for their support in researching this paper. The author also wishes to acknowledge the helpful remarks of two anonymous referees as well as those from my colleagues Patrick Bernhagen and Richard Rose.
1. A tenth of the population was neither Latvian nor Livonian, the latter being a Finno-Ugric ethnic group related to Estonians and Finns.
2. “All-Union” is in other words “union-wide.” For a discussion on Soviet ethno-cultural policies see Kemp Citation(1999) and Suny Citation(1992).
3. By this time, the Livs (Livi) had been forced from their lands on the coast in Kurzeme (in western Latvia) by Soviet authorities and eventually assimilated into the Latvian socio-linguistic group. The Livs were a haunting reminder for many Latvians, since it looked as if they would become a minority group in their own Soviet republic.
4. Statistical Yearbook of Latvia 2001 Citation(2002).
5. See RFE/RL Newsline, “More People Naturalised in Latvia in 1997,” 9 January 1998; RFE/RL Newsline, “Latvia to Draw up Guidelines for Integrating Russian-Speakers,” 19 March 1998; RFE/RL Newsline, “Latvian Government Approves Citizenship Law Changes,” 7 May 1998.
6. RFE/RL Newsline, “Russia Criticises Revised Language Law,” 15 April 1992.
7. RFE/RL Newsline, “Latvian Premier Urges Public Discussion on Integration of Society,” 11 March 1999.
8. RFE/RL Newsline, “Latvian Language Law Sent Back to Parliament,” 15 July 1999.
9. RFE/RL Newsline, “Latvian Coalition Partners Disagree on State Language Law,” 19 August 1999.
10. RFE/RL Newsline, “Latvian Parliament Approves New Language Law,” 10 December 1999.
11. Interview with Mr Dimitrov on 10 January 2003.
12. The Baltic Times, “Risks of Reform,” 5–11 September 2002.
13. Under the Latvian constitution, the president only has so much power to stop legislation once it has left parliament. Once the president returns the bill to the Saeima, legislators can then decide not to change it. The president then has no other choice than to promulgate the legislation.
14. The creation of the Gailis government ensured that Valdis Birkavs (Latvia's Way) remained in the seat of the minister of foreign affairs.
15. A frequent banner seen in the education reform protests played on the distinction between “Latvian-Russians” and “Russian-Latvians.” The banner read “We are Russian-Latvians not Latvian-Russians,” implying a sense of ownership in the Latvian state.
16. Information taken from a personal interview with Mr Pildegovics on 14 December 2002.
17. Country recommendations of the OSCE High Commissioner can be found at <http://www.osce.org/hcnm/documents.html?lsi = true&limit = 10&grp = 44>.
18. RFE/RL Daily Report, “OSCE Official Wants Latvians Language Law to Meet International Norms,” 14 January 1999.
19. The Council of Europe Framework Convention can be found at <http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/157.htm>.
20. For the European Commission's Agenda 2000 project, see <http://europa.eu.int/comm/agenda2000/index_en.htm>.
21. For the European Commission's Regular Reports see <http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/report2002/>.
22. For example, see PACE resolution “Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Latvia,” Doc. 8426, <http://assembly.coe.int/main.asp? Link = /documents/workingdocs/doc99/edoc8426app5.htm> .
