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Notes
1. Geistlinger and Kirch, Estonia, 43.
2. Titma and Rämmer, “Estonia,” 304–05.
3. Brüggemann, “Estonia and its Escape from the East.”
4. Bell, “Introduction,” 5.
5. For the various stages of those borders see G. Smith, “Post-Colonialism and Borderland Identities,” 15–16.
6. Budryte, Taming Nationalism?, 179.
7. Illiashevich, “Apokalipticheskoe (pod)soznanie ili o chem molchit Bronzovoi soldat.”
8. See the introduction in Budryte, Taming Nationalism?
9. Onken, Demokratisierung der Geschichte in Lettland.
10. D. Smith, Estonia, 33–35.
11. The same cannot be said for the tiny Estonian Jewish population of roughly 4,500 individuals. Most of them evacuated with the Soviets in 1941, but the less than 1,000 who remained were quickly executed by the German Einsatzgruppe; see Hiio et al., Estonia 1940–1945. Though the trauma of the Soviet annexation provided German propaganda on “judeo-bolshevik” treachery with fertile ground, Estonian hatred was directed primarily against communist collaborators, not against Jews on racial grounds; see Birn, Die Sicherheitspolizei in Estland.
12. This term refers to the surviving political leaders of the pre-war era, such as Jüri Uluots, who formed an authoritative moral opposition to the Nazi-installed Self-Administration headed by Hjalmar Mäe.
13. Isberg, Zu den Bedingungen des Befreiers; Hiio et al., Estonia 1940–1945.
14. See Feest, “Histories of Violence.” Some young men who wished to fight the Soviets, but not in German uniform, escaped to Finland and joined the Finnish army.
15. Ezergailis, Nazi/Soviet Disinformation about the Holocaust in Nazi-Occupied Latvia.
16. When for a short time period in 2006–2007 all three Baltic republics had presidents that were raised in these “fascist” émigré communities there was a corresponding media outrage. Even in Riga a Russian newspaper ran the headline: “America Closed the Circle”: Elksne, “Amerika zamknula kol'tso.”
17. Krysin, Pribaltiiskii fashizm, 6.
18. See Taagepera, Estonia, 153–64, 172; D. Smith, Estonia, 53–54.
19. See Taagepera, Estonia, 99–101
20. See Lauristin and Heidmets, The Challenge of the Russian Minority.
21. Vihalemm and Masso, “(Re)Construction of Collective Identities after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union,” 85.
22. “Venelaste arvates astus Eesti 1940.”
23. Gillis, “Memory and Identity,” 19.
24. Koselleck, “Die Transformation der politischen Totenmale,” 73.
25. Burch and Smith, “Empty Spaces and the Value of Symbols,” 917.
26. Onken, “The Baltic States and Moscow's 9 May Commemoration,” 23; Gillis, “Memory and Identity.”
27. See Strauss, Vabadussõja mälestusmärgid I.
28. There are over 100 Soviet war memorials left in various parts of the country. Many of them remained in the predominately Russian districts in north-eastern Estonia and in the town of Narva. Burch and Smith, “Empty Spaces and the Value of Symbols.”
29. Bransten, “Estonia”; “Estonia Removes SS Monument.”
30. For more on Madisson's undertakings see Kasekamp, “Extreme Right Parties in Contemporary Estonia.”
31. Madisson has recently started writing about the “international Jewish conspiracy”; see, for example, Madisson, Maailma uus kord.
32. Puidet, “Lihula mälestusmärki avas paar tuhat inimest.”
33. “Juhan Parts taunis Lihula Saksa sõduri monumenti.”
34. “Estonia Unveils Nazi War Monument.”
35. Even the Novaia Gazeta (which published Anna Politkovskaia's articles) wrote about “flirting with fascism.” See Moiseenko, “V Estonii prodolzhaiut koketnichat's fashizmom”; cf. Zvegintsev, “Monumental'nii fashizm.”
36. Breidecker, “Avantgarde für Europa?”; Vilgats, “Monumentide sõda.”
37. The fate and location of the monument after its removal remained secret for several months. Ants Teder of the Freedom Fighters' Association took their case to court, claiming that the government had illegally confiscated his property. In October 2005, the government returned the monument to its owners and actually paid the costs for it to be re-erected at Lagedi, a private museum in the countryside dedicated to Estonian freedom fighters. The government desperately wanted to avoid Teder returning the monument to Lihula; see “Controversial Monument Returned to Owner.”
38. Interviews with Estonian diplomats in Tallinn, September 2004; see Kolb, “Looking for the Truth behind Lihula.”
39. Kultuur ja Elu, “Mis riik see on”; Kressa, “Kurat, mis riik see on?”; Kultuur ja Elu, “Muuseumisse pandud ajalugu.”
40. Kaasik, “Tallinnas Tõnismäel asuv punaarmeelaste ühishaud ja mälestusmärk.”
41. Tammer, “‘Õhkijamemm.’”
42. See Weiner, “The Making of a Dominant Myth”; Wolfe: “Past as Present, Myth, or History?”
43. Onken, “The Baltic States and Moscow's 9 May Commemoration.”
44. This scene, moreover, was shot by a TV team. See the DVD Pronksöö: Vene mäss Tallinnas [Bronze Night: Russian Riot in Tallinn],” produced in 2007 by the Estonian TV channel TV2.
45. Bärenklau, “Pronkssõduri umber keevad rahvustevahelised pinged.”
46. Ladõnskaja, “Notšnoi Dozor.”
47. Taagepera, “Pronksmehe hõlm.”
48. Kivimäe and Virve, “Pronkssõdur”; Taagepera, “Palusalu loovutajad.”
49. “Peaministri soolo.”
50. Hundreds of mainly ethnic Russian youths were detained. Most were quickly released, but over 60 individuals were presented with criminal charges. Though the local and international media tended to revert to ethnic labelling in their reports, it should be noted that many of those arrested for looting were actually ethnic Estonians and that a substantial percentage of the Estonian police force consists of ethnic Russians.
51. Lobjakas, “Estonia.”
52. Meyers, “Cyberattacks on Estonia Stir Fears of ‘Virtual War.’”
53. “Press Statement and Answers to Questions during the Joint Press Conference.”
54. “Peaministri soolo.”
55. XI. Riigikogu stenogramm.
56. “The War Grave in Central Tallinn.”
57. Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, “Need for International Condemnation of Crimes of Totalitarian Communist Regimes,” Resolution 1481, adopted 25 January 2006.
58. Putin, “Poslanie Federal'nomu Sobraniiu Rossiiskoi Federatsii”; “Putin Address to Nation.”
59. Source for this statement made 7 May 2007: ⟨http://johnib.wordpress.com/2007/05/07/russia-warns-against-rewriting-history⟩ (accessed 13 August 2007). See the critique of the heroization of the Soviet past in Kiselev, “Vsia Pravda.”
60. Todorov, Hope and Memory, as qtd. in Bell, Memory, Trauma and World Politics, V.
61. Troebst, Postkommunistische Erinnerungskulturen im östlichen Europa, 12–17, quot. 16. On the Baltic States, see Onken, “The Politics of Finding Historical Truth”; and Pettai, “Narratives and Political Development in the Baltic States.”
62. Galbreath, Nation-Building and Minority Politics in Post-Socialist States, 231.
63. Nora, “From lieux de mémoire to Realms of Memory,” XVII.
64. “The War Grave in Central Tallinn.”
65. Astrov, “Liigsete sõnadeta.”
66. “Putin dal sovet Anglii.”
67. Verdery, The Political Lives of Dead Bodies, 26, 38.
68. The Russian weekly Kommersant Vlast', however, made this connection as well. See Solov'ev, “Mezhduestonitsa.”
69. Tulviste, “History Taught at School versus History Discovered at Home,” 125. Cf. Tulviste and Wertsch, “Official and Unofficial Histories.”
70. In the words of sociologist Triin Vihalemm: “The Russian media undoubtedly creates communication barriers and reproduces the protest identity of the repressed minority. The problem is that the construction of the Estonian identity in the past was based on the same approach: a minority who had to defend itself against the majority.” Vihalemm, “Oma õigust taga ajades teist poolt ei kuule.”
71. Ruutsoo, “Sõjamüütide pantvangid.”
72. Gillis, “Memory and Identity,” 20.
73. Viik, “Pronkssõduri konflikti loogika.”
