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Notes
1. Barany, “Ethnic Mobilization and the State,” 308–27; Sobotka, “The Limits of the State,” 1–23; Vermeersch, “Ethnic Minority Identity and Movement Politics,” 879–901.
2. Klímová-Alexander, The Romani Voice in World Politics; Vermeersch, The Romani Movement.
3. Guy, Between Past and Future, XIV.
4. Jenson, “Naming Nations,” 339.
5. Vermeersch, “Advocacy Networks and Romani Politics,” 3.
6. Barany, The East European Gypsies, 246.
7. Guy, Between Past and Future, 13–15.
8. Various, “The Romani Movement,” 24.
9. Ringold et al., Roma in an Expanding Europe, 1, 12. The census figures in many Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) are regarded as unreliable for this reason.
10. Various, “The Romani Movement,” 18, 28.
11. Lomnitz, “Formal Organizations,” 569–70.
12. Rucht, “The Strategies and Action Repertoires of New Movements,” 161–64.
13. Friedman and McAdam, “Collective Identity and Activism,” 157.
14. Adler and Crawford, “Constructing a Mediterranean Region,” 5.
15. Melucci, “The New Social Movements Revisited,” 5.
16. Simhandl, “Western Gypsies and Travellers,” 106.
17. Burlet and Reid, “A Gendered Uprising,” 273.
18. Melucci, “The New Social Movements,” 199–226; idem, “The Symbolic Challenge of Contemporary Movements,” 789–815; idem, “The New Social Movements Revisited.”
19. Melucci, “The New Social Movements,” 202.
20. Freeman, The Politics of Women's Liberation; Piven and Cloward, Poor People's Movements; McCarthy and Zald, “Resource Mobilisation and Social Movements.”
21. Cohen, “Strategy or Identity,” 663–716. Cohen points out the incompatibility of the strategy and identity approaches to social movement research as their epistemological underpinnings are irreconcilable.
22. Barth, “Introduction.”
23. Guy, Between Past and Future, 5.
24. Vermeersch, The Romani Movement.
25. Brubaker et al., Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity, 358, emphasis added.
26. della Porta and Diani, Social Movements, 87.
27. Brubaker, Ethnicity without Groups.
28. Various, “The Romani Movement,” 18–28, details a roundtable debate on the Romani movement.
29. There are currently 12 million Roma in Europe, mostly (though not exclusively) located in CEECs (European Commission's Report of the Condition of the Roma in Europe, 2000). The Council of Europe's Commissioner for Human Rights Citation2005 Report on the “Human Rights Situation of the Roma, Sinti, and Travellers in Europe” maintains there are 10 million Roma, and that they are a truly “pan-European” minority. For full text see ⟨http://www.human-rights.hr/dokumenti/CoE%20CHR%20Roma%202005%5B2%5D.htm⟩ (accessed 12 January 2008).
30. Ringold et al., Roma in an Expanding Europe, 3.
31. Marushiakova and Popov, “Historical and Ethnographic Background,” 33.
32. Hancock, We are the Romani People, 113.
33. Mirga and Gheorghe, The Roma in the Twenty-First Century, 13.
34. Simhandl, “Western Gypsies and Travellers,” 97–115.
35. See Brubaker et al., Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity, for a detailed analysis of this phenomenon.
36. Steiner, Diverse Partners, 62.
37. Clark et al., “The Sovereign Limits of Global Civil Society,” 12–21.
38. Steiner, Diverse Partners, 64.
39. Mirga and Gheorghe, Roma in the Twenty-First Century, 16.
40. McCall, Identity in Northern Ireland, 19.
41. Klímová-Alexander, The Romani Voice in World Politics, Chapter 3. In 1979 the IRU was given consultative status at the UN Economic and Social Council. In 1993, it was promoted to Category II, Special Consultative Status at the United Nations, which in effect recognizes its authority in representing the voice of the Romani community at an international level.
42. See Wiener, “European” Citizenship Practice; Shaw, “The Interpretation of European Union Citizenship,” 293–317, for an analysis of citizenship in the EU. The concept of transnational citizenship is not so radical in that it had been developed by the EU, which established European citizenship in the Treaty on European Union in 1992.
43. Taylor, “The Politics of Recognition.” Taylor details the importance of recognition for minorities.
44. Liegeois and Gheorghe, Roma/Gypsies, 26.
45. The previous congresses were held in 1971, 1978, 1981, and 1990, respectively. A subsequent congress was held in 2004.
46. Similar working groups have been established at previous World Congresses.
47. Acton and Klímová, “The International Romani Union,” 173–87.
48. Oral Statement by the International Romani Union, a non-governmental organization with Special Consultative Status, delivered by Paolo Pietrosanti. Fifty-seventh session, March–April 2001. For full text see ⟨http://www.radicalparty.org/humanrights/gy_comm_57_pietrosanti.htm⟩ (accessed 9 January 2008).
49. Acton and Klímová, “The International Romani Union,” 201.
50. See ⟨http://www.romea.cz/english/index.php?id = servis/z_en_2004_0150⟩ (accessed 15 January 2008).
51. Kawczynski, Report on the Condition of the Roma.
52. Acton and Klímová, “The International Romani Union,” 161.
53. Sobotka, “The Limits of the State,” 6.
54. Kawczynski, Report on the Condition of the Roma.
55. Ibid.
56. Risse and Sikkink, “The Socialization of International Human Rights Norms,” 18.
57. Risse et al., The Power of Human Rights. These TANs receive information from domestic opposition, invoke international human rights norms, pressure repressive states, and mobilize international organizations and liberal states (Risse and Sikkink, “The Socialization of International Human Rights Norms,” 20).
58. Eder, “The New ‘Social Movements,’” 869–90.
59. Keck and Sikkink, “Transnational Advocacy Networks,” 236.
60. Vermeersch, The Romani Movement, 202.
61. ERRC, Exclusion from Employment; ERRC, Social Assistance. In particular, these thematic reports are well researched and provide an invaluable tool to academics and Romani activists. Furthermore, these publications help articulate the shared interests of the Romani community.
62. Personal interviews with Dimitrina Petrova, Director of the ERRC, Budapest, 23 September 2005; and Claude Cahn, Programmes Director of the ERRC, Budapest, 11 May 2006.
63. Steiner, Diverse Partners, 74.
64. Vermeersch, The Romani Movement, 211.
65. Trehan, “In the Name of the Roma?,” 138.
66. Personal interview, Bernard Rorke, Director of the OSI-RPP, Budapest, 3 May 2006.
67. Vermeersch, The Romani Movement, 201, emphasis in original.
68. For full text of speech see: ⟨http://www.ertf.org/01/media/downloads/english/Terry%20Davies,%20Opening.doc⟩ (accessed 9 January 2008). The Council of Europe has a long history of promoting human rights and the rights of national minorities. A Specialist Group on Roma/Gypsies, known as MGS-ROM, was established in 1995, with the task of advising the Committee of Ministers on Roma issues and encouraging action where needed. This work has resulted in a growing number of Recommendations of the Committee of Ministers on education, employment and housing as well as movement and encampment of Travellers.
69. Article 2.1. For statutes in full see ⟨http://ertf.org/01/en/dyn/about_us/general/statutes_of_the_ertf.html⟩ (accessed 13 January 2008).
70. Article 2.1.
71. Article 3.1.
72. Article 2.1.
73. He also pressed for the establishment of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues in Warsaw and is a board member of the European Roma Information Office in Brussels.
74. Annual Report of the ERTF.
75. The author was an observer at this Plenary Assembly and therefore the following analysis is based on participant observation.
76. These shared interests were confirmed by the reports of two Rapporteurs on the third day of the Plenary Assembly who summarized the main threads running through the delegates' testimonials, adding that discrimination is present in all areas and thus “discrimination is a package.”
77. An unpublished, unedited copy of this document is on file with the author. The document analysis of the Resolution's content and structure is based on this copy.
78. Personal telephone interview with Martin Collins, Irish delegate to the ERTF, 11 October 2007.
79. This commonality between the Roma and Travellers was expressed separately by Catherine Joyce of the Blanchardstown Development Project and Martin Collins, the Irish delegate to the ERTF. Personal interviews, Dublin, 10 October 2006.
80. Brubaker et al., Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity, 167.
