Learning the Lessons of Ethnic Conflict Management? Conditional Recognition and International Administration in the Western Balkans since the 1990s

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Notes

1. Greek objections to Macedonia's name delayed recognition of the country's independence until 1993, implying territorial claims against Greece. Despite the fact that these allegations are completely unfounded, they still have significant domestic currency in Greece and even more important regional and international implications, as could be observed, in early 2008, in the context of Greek attempts to block Macedonia's NATO membership.

2. Cf., for example, Paris, At War's End; Weller and Wolff, Handbook of Institutions for the Management of Ethnopolitical Conflict in Central and Eastern Europe.

3. I use the term “conflict management” and its derivatives liberally in the sense of also comprising conflict prevention and resolution.

4. See, for example, Emerson and Gross, Evaluating the EU's Crisis Missions in the Balkans.

5. Two recent volumes have begun to address this gap: Kronenberger and Wouters, The EU and Conflict Prevention; and Tocci, The EU's Role in Conflict Resolution.

6. Smith, Europe's Foreign and Security Policy; Cannizzaro, The European Union as an Actor in International Relations; Dannreuther, European Union Foreign and Security Policy; Ginsberg, The European Union in International Politics; Mahncke et al., European Foreign Policy; Marsh and Mackenstein, The International Relations of the European Union; Smith, European Union Foreign Policy; Smith, European Union Policy in a Changing World.

7. Comelli et al., “From Boundary to Borderland Transforming the Meaning of Borders through the European Neighbourhood Policy,” 203–18; Dodini and Fantini, “The EU Neighbourhood Policy,” 507–32.; Dannreuther, “Developing the Alternative to Enlargement,” 183–201; Kelley, “New Wine in Old Wineskins,” 29–55.

8. One notable, albeit now somewhat dated, exception is Duke, “Regional Organizations and Conflict Prevention,” 91–111.

9. For example, Lake and Morgan, Regional Orders; Thakur and Schnabel, United Nations Peacekeeping Operations; Pugh and Sidhu, The United Nations and Regional Security; Diehl and Lepgold, Regional Conflict Management; Otunnu and Doyle, Peacemaking and Peacekeeping for the New Century.

10. For example, Coppieters et al., Europeanization and Conflict Resolution; Diez et al., Enlargement and Reconciliation; Holliday et al., EU Enlargement and Minority Rights; Sasse et al., Europeanization and Regionalization in the EU's Enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe; Toggenburg, Minority Protection and the EU; Vachudova, Europe Undivided.

11. Singer, “The Level-of-Analysis Problem in International Relations,” 77–92, emphasis in original.

12. Ibid., 78ff, emphasis in original.

13. Waltz, Man, the State and War.

14. Levy, “Theories of Interstate and Intrastate War,” 4.

15. Ibid.

16. See, for example, Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed; Wolff, Disputed Territories.

17. Brown, “The Causes of Internal Conflict,” 13.

18. Ibid., 13–17.

19. See, for example, Adamson, “Globalisation, Transnational Political Mobilisation, and Networks of Violence,” 31–49; Collier and Hoeffler, Greed and Grievance in Civil War; Sheffer, Diaspora Politics.

20. Holzgrefe and Keohane, Humanitarian Intervention.

21. Kuperman and Crawford, Gambling on Humanitarian Intervention.

22. See, for example, Kemp, “The Business of Ethnic Conflict,” 43–59; idem, “Selfish Determination,” 85–104; Pugh and Cooper, War Economies in a Regional Context; Reno “Shadow States and the Political Economy of Civil Wars,” 43–68.

23. Abuza, Militant Islam in Southeast Asia; Frost et al., Terrorism in Southeast Asia; Smith, Terrorism and Violence in Southeast Asia.

24. Here, and below, I draw on a range of original and synthetic sources, including Adamson, “Globalisation, Transnational Political Mobilisation, and Networks of Violence”; Brown, “The Causes of Internal Conflict”; Buzan and Wæver, Regions and Powers; Collier and Hoeffler, Greed and Grievance in Civil War; Cordell and Wolff, The Ethnopolitical Encyclopaedia of Europe; Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict; idem, The Deadly Ethnic Riot; Kaufman, Modern Hatreds; Lake and Morgan, Regional Orders; Lake and Rothchild, “Containing Fear,” 41–75; Rotberg, When States Fail.

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Stefan Wolff

Stefan Wolff, Centre for International Crisis Management and Conflict Resolution, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. Email: [email protected]