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Notes
1. Reljić, “Killing Screens,” 72.
2. Taylor, War and the Media, 18.
3. Reljić, “Killing Screens,” 51.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. “Socijalističko samoupravljanje.”
7. “Razvoj iz baze.”
8. “Zemlja radnika i seljaka.”
9. “Osnovna organizacija udruženog rada.”
10. “Savez organizacija udruženog rada.”
11. “Društveno-koristan rad.”
12. “Društveno-politički.”
13. “Svakome prema potrebama.”
14. Močnik, “Language in the Vagaries of Transition.”
15. “Imperialističko-hegemonističke snage.”
16. “Anarho-liberali.”
17. “Udbo-mafijaši.”
18. “Izdajice iz sopstvenih redova”; similar in meaning and often used was the phrase “Enemies of the regime”—”Neprijatelji režima.”
19. “Petokolonaši.”
20. In wide use were: “Servant of the Imperial West,” “Capitalistic servant,” and “Servant of the previous regime.”
21. “Imperijalistički Zapad.”
22. Bernays, Propaganda, 74.
23. Ellul, Propaganda, 31.
24. Reljić, “Killing Screens,” 56.
25. The term used by Barnays (Propaganda, 47).
26. “Najveći sin svih naših naroda i narodnosti.”
27. From the end of the 1980s onwards, Milošević changed several political positions, but in reality he was the person who constantly held all the power.
28. In all ex-Yugoslav republics the political system was shifting towards democratization. Nominally, that was the case in Serbia as well. In reality, however, Milošević just changed tags. The logic and rhetoric of the regime remain the same.
29. “Druže Tito mi ti se kunemo,/Da sa tvoga puta ne skrenemo.”
30. Judah, “A Brief History of Serbia,” 94.
31. The League of Communists of Yugoslavia.
32. Pešić, “Serbian Nationalism and the Origins of the Yugoslav Crisis.”
33. Stanić, “Slobodan Milošević's Rhetoric.” According to Stanić, in his interviews in 1989, Milošević mentioned the word “Serbia” 54 times and “Kosovo” 29 times, and 10 years later he mentioned Serbia 17 times and Kosovo 34 times.
34. Judah, “A Brief History of Serbia,” 95.
35. It should be noted that strong elements of a mythical rhetoric were present, starting from the early speeches of Slobodan Milošević in 1986. In this sense, the speech at Kosovo Polje in 1989 should be seen as the culmination of Kosovo-related rhetoric.
36. “Kosovo je kolevka srpskog naroda.”
37. “Sile bezumlja i haosa.”
38. “Nepravedne, ničim izazvane, i nezaslužene sankcije.”
39. Taylor, Munitions of the Mind, 3.
40. According to Ellul, “The propagandist can use ideology for the purpose of justification … Justification is an essential function of propaganda” (Propaganda, 200).
41. One of the all-time favorite phrases of official rhetoric during the 1990s was that “sooner or later the world will be able to see the truth about Serbia.”
42. Pešić, “Manipulation by Picture,” 25.
43. Lord David Owen, the British diplomat, and author of the Bosnian Peace Accord which is also known as the “Vance–Owen Peace Plan.”
44. In the background of the myth is a historical battle between Serbs and Ottoman Turks that took place on Kosovo Field on 15 June 1389. The Serbian army was led by Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović (c.1371–1389) and the Turkish army by Sultan Murad I (1362–1389). Both rulers were killed on the battlefield. The Serbs lost the battle and for more than 400 years Serbia was vassal of the Ottoman Empire. The early elements of the Kosovo myth can be found in Serbian oral narratives. In past centuries, the theme was further shaped by numerous Serbian painters, writers, and other artists.
45. The belief that the betrayal of Vuk Branković, or of any other person, was the cause of the Serbian army's defeat was never confirmed by history.
46. Ellul, Propaganda, 7.
47. Richard Slotkin, “Fatal Environment,” 23; and Northrop Frye, “‘The Critical Path’: An Essay on the Social Context of Literarily Criticism,” 35–36, 107, as cited in Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation, 5–6.
48. When discussing events from US history that nowadays function as “icons” or “keywords,” Slotkin gives examples of Pearl Harbor, The Alamo, and Custer's Last Stand.
49. According to the official statistics, at that time 22 million people lived in Yugoslavia, out of which 7 million were Serbs. It should be noted, however, that many of these people were transported there for free and provided with snacks by the organizers of the event, who happened to be from the same political party as Milošević. For at least some of the participants in the event, their presence at the Kosovo Field was counted as a regular working day.
50. “Kosovo je kolevka srpstva.”
51. “Kosovo je vekovno srpsko ognjište.” In this particular example, the old Serbian word ognjište (hearth) is used, which provides emotional meaning and something of a direct connection with the myth.
52. “Kosovo je prestolnica srpske države.” Once again, instead of using the common expression for the capital city glavni grad, the old Serbian word prestolnica is used, which again gives a special tone, and makes connection with the myth stronger.
53. In her book New and Old Wars, Mary Kaldor shows that the Serbian public reality “became a continuum in which the 1389 battle of Kosovo, the Second World War and the war in Bosnia were all part of the same phenomenon” (40). Another illustration of the same idea could be the statement from 1993, given on national television by the politician Radivoj Brdjanin: “For the last 600 hundred years, Serbs from my area [have been] wishing to have the final battle against Turks.”
54. “Kosovo je sveta srpska zemlja.”
55. “Život damo—Kosovo ne damo.”
56. “Nebeska Srbija.”
57. “Nebeski narod.”
58. Čolović, “The Renewal of the Past.”
59. Pjanović, Serbs the Oldest Nation; Spajićeva, The Oldest Language of the Bible; and Skokljev and Skokljev, Olympic Gods from Serbia. Following publication of Serbs the Oldest Nation [Srbi narod najstariji], the idea from the title was taken for granted, and became widely used in the public vocabulary. There were some later reports in the Serbian public domain, however, which suggested that the author was “persuaded” to choose that particular title. It seems that the title has a distant and very limited connection to the actual content of the book.
60. Obviously, the state-controlled media reported a much lower figure than independent sources. There is no precise information about the number of people, but at that time it was by far the largest gathering of people who were opposing the war.
61. “Snage bezumlja i haosa.”
62. “Snage mraka i bezumlja.”
63. “Rušilacke snage mraka, haosa i bezumlja.”
64. “Strani plaćenici.”
65. “Sluge Zapada.”
66. “Strani plaćenici oličeni u snagama mraka i haosa.”
67. Chomsky, Media Control, 25.
68. As cited in Pešić, “Manipulation by Picture,” 22.
69. “Takozvane snage haosa i bezumlja.”
70. At that time, Alija Izetbegović was the leader of the Bosniak people and the army.
71. As cited in Pešić, “Manipulation by Picture,” 23.
72. “Nepravedne i ničim izazvane sankcije.”
73. “Nezaslužene i ničim izazvane sankcije.”
74. “Zločinacke sankcije.”
75. Nezavisne i ničim izazvane sankcije protiv: slobodarskog, dostojanstvenog, hrabrog, ponosnog, nepotkupljivog, koji ne pristaje na diktat svetskih moćnika.
76. Ellul, Propaganda, 17.
77. Bulajić, The Role of the Vatican in the Break-up of the Yugoslav State.
78. Petrović, Zavera protiv Srba.
79. Pešić, “Manipulation by Picture,” 34.
80. At that time, Hans Dietrich Genscher was Germany's Minister of Foreign Affairs.
81. Alois Mock was Austria's Minister of Foreign Affairs.
82. Olševski, “There is Nobody to Feel Sorry for Serbs.”
83. Thompson, Forging War, 53.
84. The NATO intervention started without approval from the UN Security Council, a fact often used by official Serbian propaganda.
85. Although the domestic words exist in the Serbian language for transparency (otvorenost), for transition (prelazak) and for cohabitation (zajednički život or suživot), foreign derivates such as transparentnost, tranzicija and kohabitaciuja are in use.
86. Demokratske promene.
87. Petar Luković, a well-established Serbian journalist, in his weekly column in the Croatian magazine Feral Tribune, 3 August 2005, “Sunstroke”: “Ničim izazvan napad tropskih vrućina na Srbe, narod najstariji, vekovima bogojažljiv glede meteopatskog prokletstva.”
88. “Kosovo je srce Srbije.”
89. “Kosovo je najskuplja srpska reč.”