Sexistential Crisis: An Intersectional Analysis of Gender Expression and Sexual Orientation in Masculine Overcompensation

ABSTRACT

Masculine overcompensation—a phenomenon where men react to masculinity threats by endorsing hypermasculine ideals—has been demonstrated among straight men but has yet to be examined among gay men. The current study therefore proposed to examine whether gay men overcompensate similarly to their straight counterparts by providing participants with randomized feedback that threatened their masculinity. Overcompensation was measured in 867 online respondents by administering a series of questionnaires regarding views of pornography, rape, sex roles, and political orientation. Although our hypothesis was not confirmed, results revealed the intersectionality of both sexual orientation and self-reported gender expression regarding the formation of different views and beliefs. Specifically, masculinity was differentially related to homophobic attitudes, more callous views toward victims of sexual assault, and various components of attitudes toward pornography in gay and straight men. Masculine gay males held stereotypically masculine views less strongly than their masculine straight counterparts, providing evidence that gay males adopt a different type of masculinity than straight males—something of a “masculinity lite.” Such findings point to the converging influence of sexual orientation and gender expression as contributors relevant to the attitudes of gay and straight men. This information adds to a growing body of literature on differences between gay and straight men and can be used to inform theory, education, and clinical practice, particularly in settings where men grapple with the implications of their masculinity.

KEYWORDS:

• Femininity
• masculinity
• hypermasculinity
• homophobia
• intersectionality
• gender expression
• sexual orientation
• overcompensation
• attitudes

Acknowledgment

Portions of this article were presented at the Western Psychological Association annual meeting, Las Vegas, NV, 2015.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

¹. Provinces represented in Canada included: British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Every U.S. state, including the District of Columbia, was represented, excluding Alaska, Idaho, and South Carolina. Globally, participants were recruited from Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, French Guyana, Germany, Guam, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Kuwait, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Republic of Serbia, Romania, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, and Venezuela.