Mapping the Philippines’ Defective Democracy

Abstract

The Philippines is Southeast Asia’s oldest democracy. Yet democratic institutions fail to show coherence in what is largely seen as a resilient oligarchical state that manages to control the state, economy, and society by constantly adapting and shifting along with the political contours. Despite its rich democratic tradition, the country has not been able to reduce centuries old socio-economic inequalities that have sustained clientelistic politics. The continuing failure to consolidate and deepen democracy has negatively impacted the Philippine state, the economy and society. This country study charts the various structural and institutional arrangements and accommodations that have resulted in the country’s defective democratization. Using historical and contemporary process tracing, this study hopes to provide a nuanced understanding of the democratic and not so democratic trajectory that the country continues to experience. By providing a mapping of the defective democracy in the Philippines, this study provides a lens to see the conditions, depth and alterations within the course of pursuing democratization. The distinct and complementing structural and institutional arrangements over the years illustrate how power can lead to various patterns of domination and transformation.

Keywords:

• Philippines
• democratization
• politics
• economics
• society
• state
• elections
• dynasties

Acknowledgment

We would like to acknowledge the research assistance of Mr. Kevin Agojo for this article.

Notes

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3 Aurel Croissant, “From Transition to Defective Democracy: Mapping Asian Democratization,” Democratization 15, no. 5 (2004): 156–178; Wolfgang Merkel, “Embedded and Defective Democracy,” Democratization 11, no. 5 (2004): 33-58.

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5 State capacity may be understood in four distinct ways: (1) implementation or the ability to achieve its own identified goals; (2) scope or the ability to realize a set of goals identified by others; (3) relational or the ability of the state to compel its citizens and other states to do what they would have otherwise done; and, 4) quality of bureaucracy or the organizational capacity of the bureaucracy. See Miguel A. Centeno, Atul Kohli, and Deborah J. Yashar, eds., States in the Developing World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017), 6.

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