Integrative Models in Environmental Planning and Policy Making

Abstract

The following paper explores the conceptual models of thought which have recently emerged to confront the conventional approaches to analysis and solution of complex problems. Beginning with a critical attack on the tradition of specialization and reductionism, the author then summarizes several models which have originated from ecology, cybernetics, and systems theory. Throughout the paper is an emphasis on the potential contribution that such models can make to complex areas of policy and management, particularly within the environmental professions. Equally stressed is the fundamental importance of social learning and collective problem solving, particularly as engendered in the environmental professions as learning facilitators. The substance of the paper therefore promises a dual significance to environmental education—first, in the preparation of successive generations of individuals who are prepared to interpret, analyze, and respond adaptively to changing issues of great complexity; and second, to help develop the environmental professions as catalytic agents within society through which the public gains increasing awareness of and participation in critical policy debate. Through the evolving enhancement of the models exemplified by those described, the author asserts that both those working directly in environmental issues as well as society at large will benefit.