Review: active homogeneous reagents and catalysts in n-alkane activation

Abstract

The development of selective, efficient, and direct routes for activation and functionalization of naturally abundant n-alkanes could lead to a new paradigm in materials and energy technologies. In this context, the use of homogeneous catalysts to functionalize C–H bonds of unactivated hydrocarbons is of particular interest from a scientific as well as an economic viewpoint. Despite the large body of work on stoichiometric C–H activation reactions produced over the last three decades, relatively few systems have been developed to allow catalytic functionalization of hydrocarbons. This review deals with homogeneous catalytic processes available in the literature for paraffin activation and functionalization. The key intermediates involved in catalytic systems are highlighted, providing important information in the design of new and efficient catalysts. Also, some of the key challenges and approaches to rational development of the next generation of organometallic catalysts will be highlighted.

Keywords:

• Homogeneous
• Catalysis
• C–H activation
• Metal–alkyl intermediate species
• n-Alkanes

Acknowledgments

Dr ASRK is grateful to Council of Scientific and Industrial Research New Delhi (CSIR, INDIA) for the grant (Ref. No. 01(2541)/11/EMR-II). The authors are also thankful to VIT University for the support and facilities.

Notes

Dedicated to (the late) Prof. F. Gordon A. Stone (1925–2011)