Multiple-color aggregation-induced emission-based Schiff base sensors for ultrafast dual recognition of Hg²⁺ and pH integrating Boolean logic operations

Abstract

Seven Schiff base fluorescent sensors (L¹−L⁷) with multiple-color aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties for detection of Hg²⁺ ions and pH integrating Boolean logic operations were reported. With appropriate ligand-to-metal coordination (L−HgCl₂) and AIE characteristic, L−HgCl₂ can aggregate into nanoparticles, followed by activation of strong emission, therefore, the “turn-on” assay for detection of Hg²⁺ can be established. Sensing mechanism was calculated through single-crystal X-ray diffraction, Job’s Plot, Benesi−Hildebrand equation, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and elemental mapping analysis. Density functional theory calculations revealed that L−HgCl₂ can avoid one-electron transfer and retain bright luminescence compared with that of L. Different (highest unoccupied orbit) HOMO and (Lowest empty orbit) LUMO energy gaps enable the different electron transitions, resulting in the multiple-color fluorescence properties. Especially, L¹−L⁷ exhibit pH-dependent fluorescent characteristics: different electron-donating ability of the substituent groups for L¹−L⁷ show different titration jump of pH. Advanced level molecular logic gates have been constructed integrating the sensing of Hg²⁺ and pH. More importantly, the L-coated test paper applied in Hg²⁺ sensing makes tracing possible, which is convenient for confidential purposes.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Keywords:

• Schiff base
• multiple-color aggregation-induced emission
• ultrafast sensing
• theoretical calculations
• logic gates
• test paper

Disclosure statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 21873025, 21571042 and 51603055).