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Abstract
TiO2 nanotubes were synthesized by hydrothermal reaction using commercially available TiO2 powder at 150 °C for 24 h. The transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms and Fourier Transform-Infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the nanotubes. Anatase phase was not transformed into rutile phase in the range of calcination temperature studied. Increase in calcination temperature result in enhancement of crystallinity and reduction in BET surface area. Photocatalytic removal of Reactive Red 239 (RR239) was investigated using prepared TiO2 nanotubes. Effects of pH, TiO2 nanotube dosage, initial RR239 concentration and calcination temperature were studied. 99%, 97% and 55% of removal efficiency values were attained at pH = 3, 5 and 7, respectively within 60 min or reaction time. With an increase in dosage of TiO2 nanotube in the range of 0.25–0.75 g dm−3, removal rate increased by a steeper slope. Complete removal of RR239 was observed at 20 mg dm−3 RR239 concentrations within 30 min but longer time was required for complete removal at higher concentrations. Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic expression was proposed based on nonlinear regression analysis. The removal efficiency of nanotubes calcined at 300 − 450 °C significantly increased but further increase in calcination temperature caused to decrease the efficiency.100% and 85% removal efficiency values were observed using actual solar light within 120 min of reaction time in July and January, respectively. Experiments conducted with scavengers showed that holes and adsorbed hydroxyl radicals were the major species involved in removal of RR239. A pathway for degradation of RR239 was suggested according to detected intermediate compounds.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.