Author's Reply to the Round Table Review of The Evolution of Strategy: Thinking War from Antiquity to the Present

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Notes

¹Thomas G. Mahnken, ‘The Evolution of Strategy … But What about Policy?’ The Journal of Strategic Studies 34/4 (August 2011), 483–7; MacGregor Knox, ‘Thinking War – History Lite?’ The Journal of Strategic Studies 34/4 (August 2011), 489–500; Antulio J. Echevarria II, ‘“Strategy” as Prologue?’ The Journal of Strategic Studies 34/4 (August 2011), 501–7.

²Rudolf von Caemmerer, Die Entwicklung der Strategischen Wissenschaft im 19. Jahrhundert (Berlin: Baensch 1904), transl. by Karl von Donat. The Development of Strategical Science (London: Hugh Rees 1905); Edward Mead Earle (ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy (Princeton UP 1944); Peter Paret (ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP 1986); and Azar Gat's trilogy: The Origins of Military Thought from the Enlightenment to Clausewitz (Oxford: OUP 1989); Military Thought in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford: OUP 1992); Fascist and Liberal Visions of War: Fuller, Liddell Hart, Douhet, and other Modernists (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1998), now available in one volume as A History of Military Thought from the Enlightenment to the Cold War (Oxford: Oxford UP 2001).

³Beatrice Heuser, The Evolution of Strategy: Thinking War from Antiquity to the Present (Cambridge: CUP 2010).

⁴Beatrice Heuser (ed. and trans.), The Strategy Makers: Thoughts on War and Society from Machiavelli to Clausewitz (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger-ABC Clio 2010).

⁵Beatrice Heuser, ‘Matthew Sutcliffe, the Earl of Essex, and the Cadiz Expedition of 1596’, submitted to the English Historical Review, summer 2011.

⁶Beatrice Heuser, ‘Santa Cruz de Marcenado’, in Gordon Martel (ed.), Encyclopedia of War (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell 2011); ibid., ‘Guibert (1744–1790): Prophet of Total War?’, in Stig Förster and Roger Chickering (eds), War in an Age of Revolution: The Wars of American Independence and French Revolution, 1775–1815 (Cambridge UP 2010), 49–67; ibid., ‘Santa Cruz de Marcenado’; ‘Guibert’; ‘Rühle von Lilienstern’, in Thomas Jäger and Rasmus Beckmann (eds), Kriegstheorien (Verlag für Sozialwissenschaft 2011).

⁷Beatrice Heuser, Reading Clausewitz (London: Pimlico 2002); ibid., ‘Introduction’, to Carl von Clausewitz: On War abridged edition in the series Oxford Classics (OUP 2007); ibid., ‘Clausewitz's Ideas of Strategy and Victory’, in Andreas Herberg-Rothe and Hew Strachan (eds), Clausewitz in the 21^st Century (Oxford: Oxford UP 2007), 132–63; ibid., ‘Clausewitz's Methodology and the Traditions of British Writing on War’, in Major General Mungo Melvin (ed.), The Blenheim Conference Papers: The Silent Alliance – 300 Years of Anglo-German Cooperation, Occasional Paper No. 52 (UK Strategic and Combat Studies Institute 2007), 46–58.

⁸John Mark Mattox, Saint Augustine and the Theory of Just War (London: Continuum 2006), esp. 14–18.

⁹Only Gérard Chaliand brought these together in his magnificent edited volume: The Art of War in World History (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press 1994), with even more texts cited in the original French version.

¹⁰Mattox, Saint Augustine and the Theory of Just War; Frederick Russell, The Just War in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: CUP 1975); Geoffrey Best, Humanity in Warfare: The Modern History of the International Law of Armed Conflicts (London: Weidenfeld 1980); Geoffrey Best, War and Law since 1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1994); David Fisher, Morality and War (Oxford: OUP 2011).

¹¹Cicero, De Officiis 1.34: ‘no war is just, unless it is entered upon after an official demand for satisfaction has been submitted or warning has been given and a formal declaration made’, see translation by Walter Miller, Loeb Edition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1913).

¹²Sir William Segar, Honor Military, and Ciuill, contained in foure Bookes (London: Robert Barker, Printer to the Queen 1602), 4f. I am grateful to my father for bringing this book to my attention.

¹³Ibrahim Effendi, Traité de Tactique, ou Méthode artificielle pour l'Ordonnance des Troupes trans. by Comte Rewieski (Vienna: Jean-Thomas de Trattnern 1769).

¹⁴Père Joseph-Marie Amiot and Joseph de Guignes (trans. and eds), Art militaire des Chinois (Paris: Didot l'Ainé 1772).

¹⁵Hervé Coutau-Bégarie, Traité de Statégie (Paris: Économica 2003).

¹⁶Rashed Uz Zaman in his thesis ‘Strategic Culture and the Rise of the Indian Navy’ PhD University of Reading, UK, 2007 failed to find more than one reference to this early Indian writer in the pronouncements of Indian leaders in the last 60 years.

¹⁷Most famously V.D. Sokolovsky et al., Military Strategy: Soviet Doctrine and Concepts (London: Pall Mall Press 1963).

¹⁸For a discussion of FM 3-24, see Beatrice Heuser, ‘The Cultural Revolution in Counterinsurgency’, review essay, Journal of Strategic Studies 30/1 (Feb. 2007), 153–71.

¹⁹Beatrice Heuser, NATO, Britain, France and the FRG: Nuclear Strategies and Forces for Europe, 1949–2000 (London: Macmillan, and New York: St Martin's Press, hardback 1997, paperback 1999); ibid., ‘Warsaw Pact Military Doctrines in the 70s and 80s: Findings in the East German Archives’, Comparative Strategy 12/4 (Oct.–Dec. 1993), 437–57; ibid., ‘Victory in a Nuclear War? A Comparison of NATO and WTO War Aims and Strategies’, Contemporary European History 7/3 (Nov. 1998), 311–28; ibid., ‘NSC 68 and the Soviet Threat: A New Perspective on Western Threat Perception and Policy Making’, Review of International Studies 17/1 (Jan. 1991), 17–40; ibid., ‘Yugoslavia in Western Defence Strategy, 1948–1955’, in Marko Milivojevic, John B. Allcock and Pierre Maurer (eds), Yugoslavia's Security Dilemmas (Oxford: Berg 1988), 126–63; ibid.: Western Containment Policies in the Cold War; The Yugoslav Case, 1948–1953 (London/New York: Routledge 1989), Chapter 5.

²⁰A.J. Toynbee, A Study of History, 12 volumes (Oxford: OUP 1934–61).

²¹Michael Paris, Warrior Nation: Images of War in British Popular Culture, 1850–2000 (London: Reaktion Books 2000).

²²Henk Wesseling, Soldier and Warrior: French Attitudes towards the Army and War on the Eve of the First World War trans. Arnold J. Pomerans (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press 2000); Stéphane Adouin-Rouzeau and Jean-Jacques Becker, La France, la nation, la guerre de 1850 à 1920 (Paris: CDU SEDES 1996).

²³Jack Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive: Military Decision Making and the Disasters of 1914 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1984).

²⁴Uwe Puschner, Die völkische Bewegung im wilhelminischen Kaiserreich: Sprache, Rasse, Religion (Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 2001).

²⁵See the effects on air power thinking in Britain, described in Evolution, or Thomas Borstelman, The Cold War and the Color Line (Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP 2001).

²⁶Robert J.C. Butow, Japan's Decision to Surrender (Stanford UP 1954); Gar Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth (1995, this edn: London: Fontana Press 1996); Rufus E. Miles, Jr, ‘Hiroshima: The Strange Myth of Half a Million American Lives Saved’, International Security 10/2 (Fall 1985), 121–40; Correspondence: ‘Marshall, Truman, and the Decision to Drop the Bomb’, Gar Alperovitz and Robert L. Messer vs. Barton J. Bernstein, International Security 16/3 (Winter 1991/92); Robert James Maddox, Weapons for Victory: The Hiroshima Decision Fifty Years Later (Columbia: University of Missouri Press 1995).