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Notes
1 Maya Tudor, The Pursuit of Power: The Origins of Democracy in India and Autocracy in Pakistan (Cambridge: CUP Citation2013).An Erratum relating to this article can be found at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2015.1123855
2 Stephen P. Cohen, ‘The Military’, in Henry Hart (ed.), Indira Gandhi’s India: A Political System Reappraised (Boulder, CO: Westview Citation1976).
3 For a contrary assessment see Srinath Raghavan, ‘Soldiers, Statesman and India’s Security Policy’, India Review 11/2 (Citation2012), 116–33. There are, however, two issues where the military, in the recent past, has been able to exercise some influence. The first deals with the demilitarization of the Siachen Glacier and the second the repeal of the much-debated Armed Forces Special Powers Act. The latter grants the armed forces extraordinary leeway in the use of force in the conduct of military operations within the country.
4 For a discussion see Hasan-Askari Rizvi, Military, State and Society in Pakistan (New York: Macmillan Citation2000).
5 Ayesha Jalal, The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics (Cambridge: Harvard UP Citation2014), 64.
6 For an elaboration of this argument see Sumit Ganguly and C. Christine Fair, ‘The Structural Origins of Authoritarianism in Pakistan’, Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 51/1 (Citation2013), 122–42; also see Manjeet S. Pardesi and Sumit Ganguly, ‘India and Pakistan: The Origins of Their Different Politico-Military Trajectories’, India Review 9/1 (Citation2010), 38–67.
7 Husain Haqqani, Pakistan, the United States and the Epic History of a Misunderstanding (New York: Public Affairs Citation2013); also see the discussion in Paul M. McGarr, The Cold War in South Asia: Britain, the United States and the Indian Subcontinent, 1945-1965 (Cambridge, MA: CUP Citation2013).
8 A recent book seeks to refute the idea that the founders of Pakistan had envisaged it as a refuge for the Muslims of South Asia. Instead it argues that its proponents had sought to forge an Islamic utopia. See the discussion in Venkat Dhulipala, Creating A New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India (Delhi: CUP Citation2015).
9 Kahlid bin Sayeed, Pakistan: The Formative Phase, 1857–1948 (Karachi: OUP Citation1968).
10 Sumit Ganguly, ‘From the Defense of the Nation to Aid to the Civil: The Army in Contemporary India’, Journal of Asian and African Affairs 26/1-2 (Citation1990) 512-540.
11 For a wider discussion see Peter Robb (ed.), The Concept of Race in South Asia (London: SOAS Citation1998).
12 For a discussion see Clive Dewey, ‘The Rural Roots of Pakistani Militarism’, in D.A. Low (ed.), The Political Inheritance of Pakistan (London: Macmillan Citation1991).
13 Richard Sisson and Leo E. Rose, War and Secession: Pakistan, India and the Creation of Bangladesh (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press Citation1990), 10.
14 For details see Sumit Ganguly, ‘Pakistan’s Forgotten Genocide’, International Security 39/2 (Fall Citation2014), 169–180.
15 Jalal, The Struggle for Pakistan, 171.
16 Aqil Shah, The Army and Democracy: Military Politics in Pakistan (Cambridge: Harvard UPy Citation2014), 111.
17 See for example Gary Bass, The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide (New York: Knopf Citation2014).
18 Stephen P. Cohen, ‘The Military and Indian Democracy’ in Atul Kohli, (ed.), India’s Democracy: An Analysis of Changing State-Society Relations (Princeton UP 1988).
19 See Vishnu Makhijani, ‘Should the Military have a say in Governance?’ The New Indian Express, 23 March 2014 < www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Should-the-Military-have-a-Say-in-Governance/2014/03/23/article2125915.ece>.
20 For a discussion of the four Indo-Pakistani conflicts see Sumit Ganguly, Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions Since 1947 (New York: Columbia University Press Citation2001); on the Sino-Indian border war see Steven Hoffman, India and the China Crisis (Berkeley: University of California Press Citation1990).
21 For an elaboration of the origins and execution of this strategy see S. Paul Kapur and Sumit Ganguly, ‘The Jihad Paradox: Pakistan and Islamist Militancy in South Asia’, International Security 37/1 (Summer Citation2012) 111-141.
22 C. Christine Fair, Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army’s War of War (New York: Oxford University Press Citation2014).
23 Fair, Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army’s War of War, 95.
24 John W. Garver, ‘Sino-Indian rapprochement and the Sino-Pakistan Entente’, Political Science Quarterly 111/2 (Summer Citation1996) 323-347.
25 Douglass C. North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Citation1990).
26 Simon Henderson, ‘Welcome to Peshawar’, The Weekly Standard, 2 May 2011 <http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/welcome-abbottabad-pakistan_558614.html>.
27 Jon Boone, ‘bin laden Killing: Official report Criticizes Pakistan and U.S.’, The Guardian, 9 July 2013.
28 Basharat Peer, ‘Massacre in Peshawar’, The New Yorker, 16 Dec. 2014, <http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/massacre-peshawar>.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Sumit Ganguly
Sumit Ganguly is a Professor of Political Science and holds the Rabindranath Tagore Chair in Indian Cultures and Civilizations at Indiana University, Bloomington. He thanks Nicolas Blarel, Ryan Brasher, Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr. and Manjeet S. Pardesi for their comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript. He also thanks his research assistant, Piper O’Sullivan, for her invaluable assistance. The usual caveats apply.