Antiferroelectric phase transitions in single crystals PbZrO₃:Sn revisited

Abstract

This paper is a review of earlier results which have been completed with recent investigations on the nature and sequence of phase transitions evolving in the antiferroelectric PbZr_1–xSn_xO₃ single crystals (0 < x < 0.35). It was found that these crystals undergo several first-order phase transitions. To investigate these transitions, five experimental methods were used to characterize the crystal properties: birefringence, Raman light scattering, dielectric, thermodynamic and electromechanical methods, and the atomic force microscopy-piezoresponse force microscopy (AFM-PFM) method to focus also on nanoscale properties. Temperature dependencies have been tentatively measured in a wide range, including a region above T_C, where precursor dynamics is observed in the form of non-centrosymmetric regions existing locally in crystal lattices.

New experimental data (Raman light scattering and PFM) are presented mainly to revise the phase diagram and, at the same time, to complement other studies on the problem of pre-transitional effects. The phase transition mechanism in PbZr_1–xSn_xO₃ is discussed taking into account the incommensurability of crystal lattices, ferroelastic behavior of multicell cubic phases, electric field influence on antiferroelectric to ferroelectric transformation, and flexoelectric effect.

Keywords:

• antiferroelectrics
• phase transitions
• birefringence
• electrostriction
• Raman spectroscopy
• PFM
• precursor effects

Acknowledgments

The author is grateful to Dr A. Majchrowski for supplying single crystals, Prof. K. Szot for hospitality in Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Prof. M. Mączka, and Prof. S. Kojima for Raman scattering measurements.

Notes

1. Jankowska-Sumara I, Roleder K, Ujma Z, Kajewski D, Górny M, Majchrowski A, Żmija J, ‘Non-paraelectric phase in the ABO₃ perovskites’, E-MRS 2010 Fall Meeting, Symposium G, Warszawa, Poland (unpublished) and see [34].

2. Courtesy of Prof. dr hab. Eng. Edward Michalski from the Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, Warszawa, Poland.

Additional information

Funding

This research was financially supported by the National Science Centre within the [project number 1955/B/H03/2011/40], and co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund under the Infrastructure and Environment Programme [grant number UDA-POIS.13.01-023/09-00].