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Articles

Life Design-Ethics-Religion Studies: non-confessional RE in Brandenburg (Germany)

 

Abstract

‘Life Design-Ethics-Religion Studies’ (LER) is the only non-confessional form of religious education (RE) in Germany. Six years after German reunification, the federal state of Brandenburg introduced LER with its dimension of non-confessional RE into the school curriculum. In this contribution, LER will be elucidated in three steps. First, the focus will be on LER as an integrative concept encompassing (a) an integration of mainly philosophical investigation as well as religious issues and (b) social integration, in a course where secular pupils and those of different denominations learn together. Second, I will describe how this new concept brought about a break with the long history of confessional RE in Germany and realised the precept of neutrality of religious education provided by the State. Finally, I will examine how the subject was accompanied by a new understanding of RE and how the concept of ‘Religion Studies’ is related to the concepts of ‘Ethics’ and ‘Life Design’. Here, attention will also be given to the competences that can be specified for LER.

Notes

1. In German the subject is called ‘Lebensgestaltung-Ethik-Religionskunde’ (LER).

2. In Article 7, 3 the legislator decided that religious education is a regular subject in state schools. Article 7 stipulates that religious education is to be included in the regular curriculum of state schools.

3. Meanwhile there are different confessional subjects, besides Protestant and Catholic education, also Orthodox, Alevist, Jewish, and especially Islamic education, which has been developed in several German states (de Wall Citation2015, 160–163).

4. The name of the subject was changed from ‘Lebensgestaltung-Ethik-Religion’ to ‘Lebensgestaltung-Ethik-Religionskunde’ in 1996, which means that religion was supplemented by non-confessional RE to strengthen the actual non-confessional character of the subject.

5. This was part of Marianne Birthler’s talk at the University of Potsdam in November 2008 when the fifth anniversary of the degree course LER at the University of Potsdam was celebrated.

6. ‘Learning to live together’ was a motif of the statement of principles Marianne Birthler published in 1991 concerning the proposed learning field ‘Life Design–Ethics–Religion’ (Edelstein et al. Citation2001, 25).

7. Extra occupational LER courses continued in different forms until the University of Potsdam started a degree course in LER in 2003.

8. In a second evaluation, the problem of the ‘E’ and the ‘R’ dimension being under-represented in LER lessons was confirmed (Gruehn and Thebis Citation2002, 105–122).

9. See also Endnote 7.

10. The Ministry of Education gives this information on a website about LER (MBJS Citation2015).

11. In German: ‘LER-Unterricht löst sich von innen her auf’ (Märkische Online Zeitung Citation2015).

12. In German: ‘Das Fach Lebensgestaltung-Ethik-Religionskunde wird bekenntnisfrei, religiös und weltanschaulich neutral unterrichtet.’

13. By this time, the argument that the State is neither permitted, nor able to create the value foundations upon which it rests had become commonplace. The position was originally formulated by Böckenförde, a constitutional judge, and published in an article on secularisation (Böckenförde Citation1976, 60).

14. This cynical accusation was formulated by the Protestant theologian Richard Schröder in an article that appeared in the ‘Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung’ on 11.10.1995, p. 16. Somewhat less provocatively, on 1 January 1996, Bishop Huber argued in the ‘Frankfurter Rundschau’ for inside perspectives vs. outside ones: ‘Can we really talk about being confronted with religion when it is taught from an “entirely secular” outside perspective?’ (Huber Citation1996, 18, translation by the author).

15. In German: ‘Das Fach L-E-R wird bekenntnisfrei, religiös und weltanschaulich neutral unterrichtet, d. h., dem Fach liegt kein bestimmtes religiöses oder weltanschauliches Bekenntnis zugrunde und es tritt weder als Förderer eines solchen auf, noch fungiert es als Stifter. Dazu gehört, dass eine einseitige, die Schülerinnen und Schüler festlegende, aber auch überwältigende Darstellung von Positionen unterbleiben muss. Insbesondere die Lehrkräfte werden mit ihren eigenen Standpunkten und Überzeugungen sensibel und behutsam umgehen. Religiös-weltanschaulich neutraler Unterricht ist aber nicht wertneutral. Das Fach L-E-R gründet sich auf den Wertkonsens der Verfassung des Landes Brandenburg, des Grundgesetzes der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Allgemeinen Erklärung der Menschenrechte und ist in seinem erzieherischen Bemühen und seinen Bildungsinhalten an diesem Wertekonsens ausgerichtet. Sollte er im konkreten Unterricht verbal infrage gestellt oder durch Handlungen verletzt werden, so sind vor allem die Lehrkräfte zu argumentativem und schützendem Eingreifen verpflichtet.’

16. Showing positions with sensitivity is part of a discussion of the requirement of moderation. That implies not to demonstrate religious convictions, for example by the clothes teachers wear and was an argument in the so called head scarf conflict.

18. In German: ‘LER wird bekenntnisfrei, religiös und weltanschaulich neutral unterrichtet. Das bedeutet jedoch nicht Standpunktlosigkeit und Wertneutralität. Die Lehrerinnen und Lehrer machen sich ihre eigene Haltung zu den thematisierten Fragen und Problemen bewusst und reflektieren diese verantwortungsvoll. Sie verdeutlichen ihren eigenen Standpunkt und machen ihn transparent, indem die Position der Lehrerin/des Lehrers als eine von verschiedenen möglichen Stellungnahmen dargestellt wird. Im LER-Unterricht gilt das Überwältigungsverbot.’ (Bildungsserver Berlin – Brandenburg Citation2016, 6).

19. The members were: Wolfgang Edelstein, who was the chairman, Karl E. Grözinger, Bärbel Kirsch, Achim Leschinsky, Jürgen Lott, Fritz Oser. They represented psychology, religion studies and its didactics and pedagogy.

20. To give an example, Robert Jackson suggests a strategy of focusing on lived religions in students’ surroundings (Jackson Citation1997, 66f, 96–111).

21. In German: ‘Das Fach Lebensgestaltung, Ethik, Religionskunde soll Schülerinnen und Schüler in besonderem Maße darin unterstützen, ihr Leben selbstbestimmt und verantwortlich zu gestalten, und ihnen helfen, sich in einer demokratischen und pluralistischen Gesellschaft mit ihren vielfältigen Wertvorstellungen und Sinnangeboten zunehmend eigenständig und urteilsfähig zu orientieren. Das Fach dient der Vermittlung von Grundlagen für eine wertorientierte Lebensgestaltung, von Wissen über Traditionen philosophischer Ethik und Grundsätzen ethischer Urteilsbildung sowie über Religionen und Weltanschauungen.’

22. In 2013, Habermas presented this – vis-à-vis former publications – less liberal conception of religion in the public sphere of a liberal commonwealth (Habermas Citation2013, 140–154).

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