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Notes
This paper comes out of a project with Peter Larmour and Luis de Sousa on international anti-corruption which is supported by the Australian Research Council and anu. See http://apseg.anu.edu.au/researchres_corrupt.php. I am grateful to my collaborators and to Robin Hodess for her perceptive criticism of an earlier draft.
1 International Herald Tribune, 23 January 2004.
2 TI Source Book. Confronting Corruption: The Elements of a National Integrity System, Berlin: Transparency International, 2000, available at www.transparency.org/sourcebook/index.html. The Source Book's principal author, Jeremy Pope, has since left TI to help form TIRI: the governance access network. Details at www.tiri.org.
3 B Hindess, ‘Liberalism: what's in a name?’, in W Larner & W Walters (eds), Global Governmentality, London: Routledge, 2004; N Rose, Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
4 This brief description of international neoliberalism should be disaggregated further to take account of the differences between the Washington Consensus and the one which emerged after the ‘Asian’ financial crisis. While the former clearly reflects the influence of the Chicago Boys, Jayasuriya and Rosser have argued that the latter is closer to the concerns of German ordo-liberalism. K Jayasuriya & A Rosser, ‘Economic orthodoxy and the East Asian Crisis', Third World Quarterly, 22 (3), 2001, pp 381 – 396.
5 Source Book, pp 1, 2.
6 Source Book, p 3.
7 D Kaufmann, Rethinking Governance: Empirical Lessons Challenge Orthodoxy, Washington, DC: World Bank, 2003, at www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/pubs/rethink_gove.html.
8 Source Book, p 36.
9 C Rojas, ‘Aid and global governance’, in Larner & Walters, Global Governmentality.
10 AJ Brown, The Leaning Tower of NISA: Towards a Framework Methodology for National Integrity Systems Assessments, Griffith University Key Centre for Ethics, Law, Justice and Governance, 2003, p 13. See also K Jayasuriya, ‘Governance, post-Washington Consensus and the new anti-politics', in T Lindsey & H Dick (eds), Corruption in East Asia: Rethinking the Governance Paradigm, Sydney: Federation Press, 2002, pp 24 – 36.
11 Source Book, p 36, emphasis added.
12 DF Thompson, Ethics in Congress: From Individual to Institutional Corruption, Washington, DC: Brookings, 1995, p 7.
13 T Lindsey & H Dick, Corruption in East Asia: Rethinking the Governance Paradigm, Sydney: Federation Press, 2002, p vi.
14 D Kennedy, ‘The international anti-corruption campaign’, Connecticut Journal of International Law, 14, 1999, p 455. See also A Sajó, ‘Clientalism and extortion’, in S Kotkin & A Sajó (eds), Political Corruption in Transition: A Sceptic's Handbook, Budapest: Central European University Press, 2002, pp 1 – 22.
15 Lindsey & Dick, Corruption in East Asia, p vi.
16 TI, Global Corruption Report, Berlin: Transparency International and London: Pluto Press, 2004, p 11.
17 Thompson, Ethics in Congress, p 7.
18 M Philp, ‘Defining political corruption’, in P Heywood (Ed), Political Corruption, Oxford: Blackwell, 1997.
19 B Hindess, Corruption and Democracy in Australia, Canberra: Democratic Audit of Australia, Australian National University, 2004.
20 See, for example, D Kaufmann, ‘Corruption: the facts', Foreign Policy, Summer, 1997, pp 114 – 131.
21 P Hutchcroft, ‘The impact of corruption on economic development: applying “Third World” insights to the former Second World’, in Kotkin & Sajó, Political Corruption in Transition, pp 115 – 138; and CMK Haarhuis & FL Leeuw, ‘Fighting governmental corruption: the new World Bank programme evaluated’, Journal of International Development, 16, 2004, pp 547 – 561.
22 Source Book, p 2.
23 S-J Wei, ‘How taxing is corruption on international investors', Review of Economics and Statistics, 82 (1), 2000, pp 1 – 11. Wei's work is one of the principal sources used in Kaufmann's ‘Corruption: the facts'.
24 Source Book, p 5. There is a misprint in the text—which reads ‘must have corruption'—but the context makes its meaning perfectly clear.
25 Endre Sik argues that the CPI is ‘the worst possible alternative among the known guesstimation methods'. Sik, ‘The bad, the worse and the worst: guesstimating the level of corruption’, in Kotkin & Sajó, Political Corruption in Transition, pp 91 – 114, at 110.
26 Wei notes that China is an exception to this generalisation. Much of its FDI comes from overseas Chinese, who invest in spite of the perceived problem of corruption.
27 Source Book, p 12.
28 C Rojas, ‘Aid and global governance’, in Larner & Walters, Global Governmentality.
29 A Pagden, ‘The genesis of “governance” and Enlightenment conceptions of the cosmopolitan world order’, International Social Science Journal, 155, 1998, pp 7 – 15.
30 For example, S Gill, ‘Globalization, market civilization, and disciplinary neoliberalism’, Millenium, 24, 1995, pp 399 – 423.
31 Hindess, ‘Liberalism’.
32 H-J Chang, G Palma et al., ‘The Asian crisis: introduction’, Cambridge Journal of Economics,22 (6), 1998, pp 649 – 652; J Vestergaard, ‘The Asian crisis and the shaping of “proper” economies', Cambridge Journal of Economics,28, 2004, pp 809 – 827; and R Wade & F Veneroso, ‘The Asian crisis: the high debt model versus the Wall Street – Treasury – IMF complex’, New Left Review, 228, 1998 pp 3 – 23.
33 DP Fidler, ‘A kinder, gentler system of capitulations? International law, structural adjustment policies, and the standard of liberal, globalized civilization’, Texas International Law Journal, 35, 2000, pp 387 – 413.