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Articles

Dividing the World: conflict and inequality in the context of growing global tension

Pages 675-689 | Published online: 08 May 2008
 

Abstract

The central themes in development theory have addressed exclusion of social groups, poverty gaps and strategies to overcome development deficits. In order to perceive the spatial structuring of inequality, concepts defining three separate worlds found ubiquitous appreciation and omnipresent adaptation. Coinciding with the end of the Cold War the ‘endism’ debate also suggested the end of the ‘Third World’. Presently it has become apparent that development theories which have ordered global space into three different worlds are experiencing rejuvenated appreciation. Nevertheless, the recourse towards trichotomising the world is not necessarily stimulated by the same concepts as previously. In the era of globalisation and post-developmentalism concepts favouring nation-states as sole reference points have been challenged and criticised, although the debate about failed states has again drawn attention to those entities. The post-9/11 perception of world order, chaos and conflicts has structured the previously acknowledged limitation of resources and the impossibility of catching-up strategies for developing countries in such a manner that ‘new’ Third World theories point at the exclusion from the developed world of outsiders, by attributing them pre-modern levels of state development and sovereignty. A prominent result of this debate is a perception of ordered space along lines which seemed to have been abandoned some time ago. This paper compares and scrutinises contemporary concepts of dividing the world.

Notes

1 See the critique in U Beck, What is Globalization?, Oxford: Blackwell, 1999.

2 U Menzel, Das Ende der Dritten Welt und das Scheitern der großen Theorie, Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp, 1992; and M Westlake, ‘The Third World (1950–1990) rip’, Marxism Today, August 1991, pp 14–16.

3 M Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World, London: Verso, 2001.

4 D Slater, ‘Trajectories of development theory: capitalism, socialism, and beyond’, in RJ Johnson, P Taylor & MJ Watts (eds), Geographies of Global Change: Remapping the World in the Late Twentieth Century, Oxford: Blackwell, 1999, pp 63–76.

5 Beck, What is Globalization?; J Osterhammel & NP Petersson, Globalization: A Short History, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005; and D Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity: An Inquiry into the Conditions of Cultural Change, Oxford: Blackwell, 1990.

6 The original quote reads: ‘Die Probleme von Armut und Existenzgefährdung sowie die Polarisierung zwischen Armut und Reichtum treten im internationalen Vergleich deutlich stärker in Erscheinung als im nationalen Rahmen eines Wohlfahrtsstaates wie der Bundesrepublik Deutschland’. D Engels & K Ridder, Lebenslagen, Indikatoren, Evaluation—Weiterentwicklung der Armuts- und Reichtumsberichterstattung, Cologne: ISG, 2002, p 16.

7 H Kreutzmann, ‘Zehn Jahre nach Rio—(Wieder-) Entdeckung der Armut oder Entwicklungsfortschritte im Zeichen der Globalisierung?’, Geographische Rundschau, 54 (10), 2002, pp 58–63.

8 D Gregory, ‘Power, knowledge and geography’, Geographische Zeitschrift, 86 (2), 1998, pp 70–93.

9 D Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some are so Rich and Some so Poor, London: Little, Brown, 1999, p xx.

10 E Altvater & B Mahnkopf, Grenzen der Globalisierung: Ökonomie, Ökologie und Politik in der Weltgesellschaft, Munster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 2004.

11 SP Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

12 H Kissinger, Does America need a Foreign Policy? Toward a Diplomacy for the Twenty-First Century, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.

13 United Nations Development Programme (undp), Arab Human Development Report, New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

14 N Chomsky, Rogue States: The Rule of Force in World Affairs, Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2000.

15 R Cooper, ‘The post-modern state’, in M Leonard (ed), Re-ordering the World: The Long-term Implications of September 11th, London: Foreign Policy Centre, 2002, pp 11–20.

16 R Cooper, The Breaking of Nations: Order and Chaos in the Twenty-first Century, London: Atlantic Books, 2003.

17 R Cooper, ‘The post modern state’, ePuget Magazine, at http://www.epuget.com/page.asp?PID=1056, accessed 28 January 2004.

18 See Foreign Policy, July–August 2005, at http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3098, accessed 4 February 2006.

19 The original quote reads: ‘Die neue Erste Welt ist die postmoderne Welt der EU, die den Multilateralismus praktiziert; die neue Zweite Welt ist die moderne Welt der klassischen Nationalstaaten à la USA, China, Russland, Indien, Israel, Brasilien usw, die unbedingt auf ihrer Souveränität nach innen und außen bestehen und sich jede Einmischung in ihre inneren Angelegenheiten verbitten; die neue Dritte Welt ist die prämoderne Welt des neuen Mittelalters, der schwachen, zerfallenden und bereits zerfallenen Staaten in Afrika südlich der Sahara, in Zentralasien oder im Andenbereich Lateinamerikas'. U Menzel, ‘“Die Welt von den Rändern her denken”: Rückblick und Ausblick auf 100 Peripherien’, Peripherie, 25 (100), 2005, p 441.

20 The original quote reads: ‘Angesichts des Schwindens der klassischen Peripherie macht Menzel eine neue Dreiteilung der Welt aus … Der Eurozentrismus feiert fröhliche Urständ. In einem haarsträubenden Evolutionismus verortet Menzel gesellschaftliche Verhältnisse der globalisierten Gegenwart auf einer Linie von der Prämoderne über die Moderne zur Postmoderne. Die europäische Moderne gibt dabei das Vorbild einer gelingenden Entwicklung ab’. M Korbmacher, ‘Die Welt von den Zentren her gedacht: die Abwesenheit der Peripherie im Beitrag Ulrich Menzels', Peripherie, 25 (100), 2005, p 447.

21 FJ Rademacher, Global Marshall Plan: Ein Planetary Contract—Für eine Ökosoziale Marktwirtschaft, Vienna: Ökosoziales Forum, 2004.

22 United Nations, Report on the World Social Situation 2005: The Inequality Predicament, New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

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