1,672
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Postcolonialism: interdisciplinary or interdiscursive?

Pages 653-672 | Published online: 26 May 2011
 

Abstract

This essay critically examines the nature and scope of postcolonial interdisciplinarity. Although postcolonial studies claims to operate on, and forge in, an interdisplinary approach, its intentions are largely interdiscursive. In spite of the vague and elusive claims evident in the catalogue of introductory texts on postcolonial theory, neither postcolonial theorists nor its exponents have adequately established the disciplinary bounds or their methodological fusion(s) specific to, and required for, interdisciplinarity. Drawing from the disciplinary foundations of literature, history and philosophy, this essay demonstrates that postcolonial theory has developed an implicit oppositional critique to eurocentrism. This oppositional critique, while discursive in intention and formulaic in application, is subsequently borrowed by a host of social science disciplines—anthropology, geography and development studies— as a proxy methodology that protects against the perils of eurocentric longings.

Notes

The author wishes to thank Diana Brydon, Len Findlay, Cecile Sandten, Sákéj Henderson and Birte Heidemann for reading the previous drafts of this article.

1 P Dhillon, ‘(Dis)locating thoughts: where do the birds go after the last sky?’, in T Popkewitz & L Fendler (eds), Critical Theories in Education: Changing Terrains of Knowledge and Politics, New York: Routledge, 1999, p 119.

2 G Huggan, Interdisciplinary Measures: The Future of the Postcolonial Studies, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2008, pp 5–7. I am inclined to hold Spivak's view of postcolonialism (-theory/studies) as ‘catachrestic criticism that seizes the given apparatus to reverse and displace it’. Quoted in G Prakash (ed), After Colonialism: Imperial Histories and Postcolonial Displacements, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995, p 13.

3 D Huddart, Postcolonial Theory and Autobiography, London: Routledge, 2006, p 155; and Huddart, ‘Post-colonial piracy: anxiety and interdisciplinarity’, Critical Survey, 16(2), 2004, p 24.

4 J McLeod, Beginning Postcolonialism, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000, p 25.

5 A Quayson & DT Goldberg, Relocating Postcolonialism, Oxford: Blackwell, 2002, p xvi.

6 R Sugirtharajah,’Postcolonizing biblical interpretations', in B Ashcroft, G Griffiths & H Tiffin (eds), The Post-Colonial Studies Reader, Oxford: Routledge, 2006, p 538.

7 G Huggan, ‘Postcolonial studies and the anxiety of interdisciplinarity’, Postcolonial Studies, 2002, 5(3), p 246.

8 N Lazarus (ed), The Cambridge Companion to Postcolonial Literary Studies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p 15.

9 M Keown, Postcolonial Pacific Writing: Representations of the Body, New York: Routledge, 2005, p 10.

10 M Sebastian, The Novels of Shashi Deshpande in Postcolonial Arguments, New Delhi: Prestige, 2000, p 213.

11 T Zeleza (ed), The Study of Africa, Vol 1, Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Encounters, Dakar: CODESRIA, 2006, pp 1–13.

12 MR Cherland & J Harper, Advocacy Research in Literacy Education: Seeking Higher Ground Mahwah, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence and Erlbaum, 2007, p 90.

13 Although a few exceptions exist, their approach to postcolonialism is restricted to historical periodisation following colonialism. See J Goldthorpe, The Sociology of Post-Colonial Societies, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996; and G Bhambra, Sociology and Postcolonialism: Another Missing Revolution, London: Palgrave, 2007.

14 Contrivedly, this has led to a spate of a spate of angry exchanges between anthropologists, historians and postcolonial critics. See B Moore-Gilbert, ‘Postcolonial cultural studies and imperial historiography: problems of interdisciplinarity’, Interventions, 1(3), 1999, pp 397–411. On anthropology's role, see HS Lewis, ‘The influence of Edward Said and orientalism on anthropology, or: can the anthropologist speak?’, Israel Affairs, 13(4), 2007, pp 774–785.

15 This selection is based on certain shared traits of ‘Othering’: anthropology in cultural mapping, geography in spatial mapping, and development studies in economic mapping.

16 L Apostel, G Berger et al, Interdisciplinarity: Problems of Teaching and Research in Universities, Paris: OECD, 1972, pp 25–26.

17 J Klein, Interdisciplinarity: History, Theory, and Practice, Detroit, MI: Wayne State University, 1990, pp 393–394.

18 L Levin & L Lind (eds), Interdisciplinarity Revisited, Stockholm: OECD, 1985.

19 The late 1980s signalled a new era in the way knowledge was perceived, produced and practised in the context of a postmodern (Lytord's thesis), and post-normal science (anticipated by Kuhn, Touraine). Klein's ‘critical interdisciplinarity’ is representative of these developments, which is a revised version of her early model of transdisciplinarity. J Klein, Humanities, Culture, and Interdisciplinarity: The Changing American Academy, Albany, NY: State University of New York, 2005.

20 T Van Leeuwen, ‘Three models of interdisciplinarity’, in R Wodak & P Chilton (eds), A New Agenda for (Critical) Discourse Analysis, Amsterdam: Benjamin, 2005, pp 3–18.

21 L Lattuca, Creating Interdisciplinarity, Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University, 2001, pp 86–91.

22 Klein, Interdisciplinarity, p 88.

23 P Weinghart, ‘Interdisciplinarity: a paradoxical discourse’, in N Stehr & P Weinghart (eds), Practicing Interdisciplinarity, Toronto: Toronto University Press, 2000, pp 25–43.

24 On interdiscursiveness, see G Huggan, Interdisciplinary Measures. On ‘synoptic interdisciplinarity’, see A Quayson, Postcolonialism: Theory, Practice or Process?, Oxford: Blackwell, 2000; and A Vallospoulas, ‘Fictionalising post-colonial theory: the creative native informant’, Critical Survey, 16(2), 2004, pp 28–44. On ‘anti-’ ‘counter-’ and ‘cross-’ disciplinarity, see E Zein-Elabdin, ‘Articulating the postcolonial (with economics in mind)’, in E Zein-Elabdin & S Charusheela (eds), Postcolonialism meets Economics, London: Routledge, 2004, pp 21–39; T Khair, ‘Postcolonial studies: a paradigm for interdisciplinarity?’, in J Jenson (ed), The Object of Study in the Humanities, Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum, 2004, pp 101–112; and A Behdad, ‘Traveling to teach: postcolonial critics in the American academy’, in C McCarthy & W Crichlow (eds), Race, Identity and Representation in Education, London: Routledge, 1993, pp 40–49.

25 EW Said, Orientalism, New York: Pantheon, 2003, p 43. Although the discourses of colonialism and imperialist pedagogies can be traced to the writings of Frantz Fanon, Albert Memmi, and Aimé Césaire (produced as political speeches and memoirs), these lacked the methodological coherence that Said's Orientalism had. See Lazarus, The Cambridge Companion to Postcolonial Literary Studies; and Moore-Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory: Contexts, Practices, Politics, London: Verso, 1997, chs 2, 3.

26 For an elaborate list of postcolonial readings of canonical texts, see J Marx, ‘Postcolonial literature and the Western literary canon’, in N Lazarus, The Cambridge Companion to Postcolonial Literary Studies, pp 83–95; and B Ashcroft, G Griffiths & H Tiffin (eds), The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures, London: Routledge, 2002, pp 22–40.

27 Ashcroft et al, The Empire Writes Back, p 27; and McLeod Beginning Postcolonialism, pp 67–129.

28 Ashcroft et al, The Empire Writes Back, p 38.

29 Ibid, pp 33–40.

30 R Guha, Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1983. See also ‘introduction’ in R Guha (ed), Subaltern Studies I: Writings on South Asian History and Society, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1982.

31 D Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000, p 15.

32 GC Spivak, ‘Can the subaltern speak?’, in C Nelson & L Grossberg (eds), Marxism & the Interpretation of Culture, London: Macmillan, 1989, pp 271–313; D Chakrabarty, ‘Postcoloniality and the artifice of history: who speaks for “Indian” pasts?’, Representations, 32, 1992, pp 1–24; EW Said, ‘Foreword’, in R Guha & GC Spivak (eds), Selected Subaltern Studies, New York: Oxford University Press, 1988; and Prakash, After Colonialism.

33 G Prakash, ‘Writing post-orientalist histories of the third world: perspectives from Indian historiography’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 1990, 32(2), p 339.

34 Spivak, ‘Can the subaltern speak?’; and HK Bhabha, ‘Signs taken for wonders: questions of ambivalence and authority under a tree in Delhi, May 1817’, Critical Inquiry, 12(1), 1985, pp 144–165.

35 Prakash, After Colonialism, pp 3–20.

36 Spivak, ‘Can the subaltern speak?’, p 279.

37 D Al-Kassim, ‘The face of foreclosure’, Interventions, 4(2), 2002, p 170.

38 GC Spivak, A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999, pp 111, 358–364.

39 Bhabha, quoted in Gikandi, ‘Poststructural theory and postcolonial discourse’, in Lazarus, The Cambridge Companion to Postcolonial Studies, p 116.

40 HK Bhabha, The Location of Culture, London: Routledge, 1994, pp 37, 127; and Bhabha ‘Signs taken for wonders’.

41 Quoted in Gikandi, ‘Postcolonial theory and postcolonial discourse’, p 116.

42 EW Said, ‘Representing the colonized: anthropology's interlocutors’, Critical Inquiry, 15, 1989, pp 205–225.

43 T Asad (ed), Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter, London: Ithaca, 1974; and G Leclerc, Anthropologie et Colonialisme, Paris: Fayard, 1972.

44 J Clifford. & G Marcus (eds), Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1986; and G Marcus & M Fischer, Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1986.

45 Quoted in N Thomas, ‘Against ethnography’, Cultural Anthropology, 6(3), 1991, p 307.

46 J Fabian, Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes its Object, New York: Columbia University Press, 1983; and Fabian, ‘Presence and representation: the other and anthropological writing’, Critical Inquiry, 16(4), 1990, pp 753–772.

47 N Dirks, Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001; and P Pels & O Salemink (eds), Colonial Subjects, Ann Arbour, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1999.

48 J Comaroff & J Comaroff, ‘Ethnography on an awkward scale: postcolonial anthropology and the violence of abstraction’, Ethnography, 4(2), 2003, pp 291–324.

49 F Driver, Geography Militant: Cultures of Exploration and Empire, Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.

50 F Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, New York: Grove Weiden Weld, 1963, p 51.

51 For a detailed genealogy of geography's foray into postcolonialism, see M Gilmartin & L Berg, ‘Locating postcolonialism’, Area, 39(1), 2007, pp 120–124.

52 Crush, quoted in A Blunt & C McEwan (eds), Postcolonial Geographies, London: Continuum, 2002, p 2.

53 C Nash, ‘Cultural geography: postcolonial cultural geographies’, Progress in Human Geography, 26(2), 2002, pp 219–230; S Redcliffe, ‘Development and geography: towards a postcolonial development geography’, Progress in Human Geography, 29, 2005, pp 291–298; and J Sharp, Geographies of Postcolonialism, London: Sage, 2010.

54 C McEwan, ‘Material geographies and postcolonialism’, Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 24(3), 2003, pp 340–355.

55 Nash, ‘Cultural geographies’, p 224.

56 Z Baber, ‘Modernization theory and the Cold War’, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 31(1), 2001, pp 71–85.

57 TN Srinivasan, ‘Human development: a new paradigm or reinvention of the wheel?’, American Economic Review, 84(2), 1994, pp 238–243.

58 A Escobar, ‘Imagining a postdevelopment era? Critical thought, development and social movements’, Social Text, 31(32), 1992, pp 20–56.

59 C Sylvester, ‘Development studies and postcolonial studies: disparate tales of the “Third World”’, Third World Quarterly, 20(4), 1999, pp 703–721.

60 D Simon, ‘Separated by common ground? Bringing (post)development and (post)colonialism together’, Geographical Journal, 172, 2006, pp 10–21; and M Power, G Mohan & C Mercer, ‘Postcolonial geographies of development: introduction’, Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 27, 2006, pp 231–234.

61 C McFarlane & S Legg, ‘Guest editorial’, Environment and Planning A, 40, 2008, p 10.

62 Redcliffe, ‘Development and geography’, p 297; and C McFarlane, ‘Geographical imaginations and spaces of political engagement: examples from the Indian alliance’, Antipode, 36(5), 2004, pp 890–916.

63 Simon, ‘Separated by common ground?’, p 18.

64 A Biccum, The Legacy of Empire: Marketing Development, London: Routledge, 2010; I Kapoor, The Postcolonial Politics of Development, London: Routledge, 2008; and C McEwan, Postcolonialism and Development, London: Routledge, 2009.

65 Quayson, Postcolonialism, pp 42–45.

66 Ibid, pp 46–47.

67 Khair, ‘Postcolonial studies’, pp 108–109. See also L Connell, ‘Post-colonial interdisciplinarity’, Critical Survey, 16(2), 2004, pp 1–7.

68 WJ Mitchell, ‘Interdisicplinaity as a visual culture’, Arts Bulletin, 77, 1995, pp 540–544.

69 Behdad, ‘Traveling to teach’, p 44.

70 Zein-Elabdin, ‘Articulating the postcolonial’, p 34.

71 Ashcroft et al, The Empire Writes Back; EW Said, Culture and Imperialism, New York: Verso, 1993; and L Gandhi, Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction, New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.

72 Ashcroft et al, The Empire Writes Back.

73 G Deleuze & M Foucault, Intellectuals and politics’, in DF Bouchard (ed), Language, Counter-Memory, and Practice, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, p 209.

74 Spivak, quoted in Al-Kassim, ‘The face of foreclosure’, p 172.

75 S Morton, Gayatri Spivak: Ethics, Subalternity and the Critique of Postcolonial Reason, Cambridge: Polity, 2007, p 7.

76 Spivak, quoted in Gikandi, ‘Poststructural theory and postcolonial discourse’, p 116.

77 GC Spivak, ‘Rights and wrongs’, South Atlantic Quarterly, 103(23), 2004, pp 524–525.

78 Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe, p 16.

79 Bhabha, The Location of Culture, pp 32–33.

80 Huggan, Interdisplinary Measures, p 5; Huggan, ‘Postcolonial studies and the anxiety of inter disciplinanty'.

81 Sharp, Geographies of Postcolonialism; N Persram (ed), Postcolonialism and Political Theory, Plymouth, UK: Lexington, 2007; K Sankaran, Globalization and Postcolonialism, London: Rowman and Littlefield, 2008; M Syrotinski, De struction and the Postcolonial, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2007; and N Greedharry, Postcolonial Theory and Psychoanalysis, London: Palgrave, 2008.

82 M Battiste (ed), Reclaiming Indigenous Voice and Vision, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2000.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.