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Abstract
Since the Cold War the USA has articulated and implemented explicit strategies of democracy promotion. One interesting target of such efforts is Latin America, in part because of the region’s geographic proximity to the USA and of the mixed record of US support for democracy there. This paper examines the impact of the end of the Cold War and the 9/11 episode on the nature, purposes, targets and consequences of US democracy assistance to Latin America. Examining democracy aid allocations, social and political factors and other variables, it traces changes in aid strategies, purposes and recipients generated by these paradigm shifts, and assesses the impact of such assistance on the politics of the region. It concludes with implications of these findings for US democracy promotion policies.
Notes
1. Meyer, US Foreign Assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean.
2. Huntington, The Third Wave.
3. Alesina and Dollar, “Who Gives Foreign Aid”; Fariss, “The Strategic Substitution”; Hook, Foreign Aid; Lancaster, Foreign Aid; McKinlay and Little, “A Foreign Policy Model”; and Palmer et al., “Give or Take.”
4. Palmer et al., “Give or Take,” 8.
5. McKinlay and Little, “A Foreign Policy Model”; Meernik et al., “Testing Models”; and Schraeder et al., “Clarifying the Foreign Aid Puzzle.”
7. Collins, “Can America Finance Freedom?”
8. Welch, Painful Choices.
9. Hermann, “Changing Course,” 4.
10. Goldmann, Change and Stability; Hermann, “Changing Course”; and Hermann, “Frameworks and Theories.”
11. Holsti, Why Nations Realign.
12. Goldmann, Change and Stability in Foreign Policy.
13. Rosati, “Cycles in Foreign Policy Restructuring.”
14. See Hermann, “Frameworks and Theories of Change”, for a review.
15. For example, Hermann, “Changing Course”; and Welch, Painful Choices.
16. Skidmore, “Explaining State Responses”; and Rynhold, “Cultural Shift.”
17. Rosati et al., Foreign Policy Restructuring; Rosati, “Cycles in Foreign Policy Restructuring”; Skidmore, “Explaining State Responses”; Legro, Rethinking the World; and Dueck, Reluctant Crusaders.
18. Rosati, “Cycles of Foreign Policy Restructuring,” 213.
19. Rosati, “Cycles of Foreign Policy Restructuring,” 235.
20. Gustavsson, “How should we study Foreign Policy Change?”; and Checkel, Ideas and International Political Change.
21. Baumgartner and Jones, Agendas and Instability.
22. Diehl and Goertz, War and Peace in International Rivalry.
23. Dueck, Reluctant Crusaders; and Legro, Rethinking the World.
24. Dueck, Reluctant Crusaders; Ikenberry, Liberal Leviathan; Kupchan, No One’s World; and Lake, Entangling Relations.
25. For example, Boschini and Olafsgard, “Foreign Aid”; Lebovic, “National Interests and US Foreign Aid”; and McKinlay and Little, “A Foreign Policy Model.”
26. For example, Fleck and Kilby, “Changing Aid Regimes?” Lai, “Examining the Goals of US Foreign Assistance”; Lancaster, Foreign Aid; and Meernik et al., “Testing Models.”
27. For example, Scott and Steele, “Sponsoring Democracy?”
28. For example, Doyle, “Liberalism and World Politics”; Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace.
29. Allison and Beschel, “Can the United States Promote Democracy?,” 81.
30. Cox et al., American Democracy Promotion, 5–6.
31. USAID, US Overseas Loans and Grants.
32. Tierney et al., “More Dollars than Sense.”
33. Marshall et al., Polity IV Project. On the merits and limits of this and other democracy measures, see also Munck and Verkuilen, “Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy.”
34. Hook, “The Development Aid Regime Revisited.”
35. For example, see Scott and Carter, “From Cold War to Arab Spring”; and Scott and Carter, “Aiding a (Former) Enemy?”
36. GAO, Foreign Assistance.
37. Scott and Carter, “From Cold War to Arab Spring.”
38. Gunaratna, Inside al Qaeda.
39. For example, Scott and Carter, “From Cold War to Arab Spring”; and Scott and Carter, “Aiding a (Former) Enemy?”
40. For example, Hermann, “Changing Course”; Rosati et al., Foreign Policy Restructuring; and Welch, Painful Choices.