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Abstract
This paper aims to shed light on Turkey’s conflict management role after the Cold War using a three-layered framework consisting of the layers of actorness, approaches and tools. In doing so, it seeks to profile Turkey’s international conflict management since the Cold War years with a special focus on the nature of its participation in conflict management as an active or passive actor, the perspectives from which it approaches conflict management, and the conflict management instruments it utilises. First, the paper will provide a conceptual framework of international conflict management based on the above-mentioned triad of actorness, approaches and tools as derived from the existing literature. Second, it will apply the selected three-layered analytical framework to Turkey to decipher its strengths and limitations in managing international conflicts.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Şaban Çaytaş and Hakan Mehmetçik for their technical help and the three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.
Notes
Notes
1 Maoz et al., Multiple Paths to Knowledge in International Relations.
2 Dunn, From Power Politics to Conflict Resolution; J. Burton and Dukes, Conflict: Readings in Management and Resolution.
3 Butler, International Conflict Management.
4 Wall et al., “Conflict and Its Management.”
5 J. Burton, Conflict: Resolution and Provention.
6 Dunn, From Power Politics to Conflict Resolution.
7 Bercovitch and Sigmund Gartner, “Empirical Studies in International Mediation.”
8 G. Burton, Rising Powers and the Arab–Israeli Conflict.
9 Von Hippel and Clarke, “Something Must Be Done.”
10 Bercovitch and Regan, “Mediation and International Conflict Management.”
11 Byman and Waxman, Dynamics of Coercion.
12 MacFarlane, “Humanitarian Action and Conflict,” 43.
13 Lyon, “Between the Integration and Accommodation of Ethnic Difference.”
14 Crocker, Hampson, and Aall, Turbulent Peace, 8; Butler, International Conflict Management, 14.
15 Butler, International Conflict Management, 3.
16 Diehl and Lepgold, Regional Conflict Management, 10.
17 Dixon, “Third-Party Techniques for Preventing Conflict Escalation.”
18 Bercovitch and Fretter, Regional Guide to International Conflict and Management.
19 Diehl and Lepgold, Regional Conflict Management, 273–9.
20 Reychler, Peacemaking, Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding.
21 Zartman and Touval, “International Mediation,” 437–8.
22 Wilkenfeld et al., Mediating International Crisis.
23 Butler, International Conflict Management, 121.
24 Bercovitch, Studies in International Mediation.
25 Gent and Shannon, “Bias and Effectiveness of Third-party Conflict Management Mechanisms.”
26 Gungor, “Analysis of Turkey’s Approach to Peace Operations.”
27 Ibid.
28 Romano, “The Proliferation of International Judicial Bodies: The Pieces of the Puzzle,” 729.
29 Bercovitch and Regan, “Mediation and International Conflict Management.”
30 Butler, International Conflict Management; Dixon, “Third-Party Techniques for Preventing Conflict Escalation.”
31 Sazak and Woods, “Policies and Role of Turkey on Peacebuilding.”
32 Sayari, “Turkish Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era.”
33 Cowell, “Turkey Faces Moral Crisis Over Bosnia.”
34 Özcan, “Turkish Foreign Policy under the AK Party.”
35 Aras, Turkey’s Mediation and Friends of Mediation Initiative.
36 “Virtuous Power New Defense Doctrine.”
37 Sazak and Woods, “Policies and Role of Turkey on Peacebuilding.”
38 Theophylactou, “Geopolitics, Turkey’s EU Accession Course and Cyprus.”
39 Köse, “Rise and Fall of the AK Party’s Kurdish Peace Initiatives.”
40 Hill, Kirişci, and Moffatt, “Armenia and Turkey.”
41 Akpinar, “Turkey’s Peacebuilding in Somalia”; Aras, Turkey’s Mediation and Friends of Mediation Initiative.
42 Ayata, “Turkish Foreign Policy in a Changing Arab World.”
43 Özerdem, “Turkey and Peacebuilding in Africa.”
44 Akpınar, “Turkey’s Peacebuilding in Somalia.”
45 For a detailed analysis of Turkey’s contribution to peacekeeping, see the newly published database entitled Turkey’s Peacekeeping Efforts Contribution Dataset “TUBAKOV,” http://www.uik.org.tr/tubakov/en/
46 Park, Modern Turkey, 137.
47 Beriker et al., Turkey as a Mediator, 29.
48 “Turkey Seeks to Be International Mediation Center.”
49 The aim of this initiative is to promote the use of mediation in the peaceful settlement of disputes, conflict prevention and resolution and to help of the development of mediation; http://sam.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/SAM_Papers_No.4-Dec12.pdf; https://peacemaker.un.org/friendsofmediation
50 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey, “Mediation”, 2018. http://www.mediation.mfa.gov.tr/default.tr.mfa
51 Beriker et al., Turkey as a Mediator, 34.
52 Aras, Turkey’s Mediation and Friends of Mediation Initiative.
53 Köse, “Türk Dış Politikasının Ortadoğu’daki Yeni Kimliği ve Çatışma Çözümlerini Keşfi.”
54 Acer, Aegean Maritime Disputes and International Law.
55 Hoffmann, “From Small Streams to Pipe Dreams.”
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Emel Parlar Dal
Emel Parlar Dal is an associate professor at Marmara University’s Department of International Relations. Before joining this department, she worked as a lecturer in the Political Science and International Relations Department of the same university between 2008 and 2013. She received her MA and PhD degrees from Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne and Paris 3 Nouvelle Sorbonne universities, respectively. Thanks to a Swiss government scholarship, she conducted research at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva during the 2010–2011 academic year. In 2013 she was an academic visitor at St. Anthony’s College Middle East Centre, Oxford University. Her articles have covered, inter alia, Turkish foreign policy, Turkey as an emerging power, Turkey’s global governance policies compared with the BRICS, Turkey as a middle power in MIKTA, Rising Powers and Conflict Management, VNSAs in Syria, Turkey–Middle East relations, Turkey–EU relations and MENA, and Turkey’s development cooperation policies in Africa. Her recent publications have appeared in Third World Quarterly (SSCI), Global Policy (SSCI), International Politics (SSCI), Turkish Studies (SSCI), International Journal: Canada’s Journal of Global Policy Analysis (SSCI), and Perceptions. During 2015–2016 she worked as the coordinator of a TUBITAK-SOBAG research project on the contribution of Turkey and the BRICS to global governance. She has also published many edited books in both French and English. Her most recent book, Middle Powers in Global Governance: The Rise of Turkey, was published by Palgrave MacMillan in May 2018. In 2018, she will edit two special issues: for Third World Quarterly (SSCI) on rising powers and conflict management and for Contemporary Politics (SSCI) on status competition and rising powers in global governance.