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Abstract
Rising powers are evolving centres for varieties of conflict as well as development. With a focus on the complexities of the Horn of Africa, we juxtapose Jan Nederveen Pieterse1 on what is rising – States? Inter-regionalisms? Diasporas? Economies? Companies? New technologies? – with the late Jim Hentz2 on non-traditional security (NTS) challenges on the continent. NTS factors include fragile states/ungoverned spaces, migrations and viruses, which continue to undermine contemporary state and governance structures inside and around Africa. In turn, NTS challenges demand alternative and creative ways to address them. We show how the Horn of Africa illustrates all these and other emergent factors in differing proportions over time, including the diversity of diasporas, both intra- and extra-regional. Further, we argue that rising powers internal and regional transnational tensions could impact human security for the foreseeable future. Thus, affecting the prospects for meeting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the Global South.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their gratitude to Jason McSparren for reading and commenting on the initial draft, Professor Stacy VanDeveer and the Department of Conflict Resolution, Global Governance and Human Security for their continuing support.
Notes
1 Pieterse, “Global Rebalancing,” 22–48.
2 Hentz, “Introduction,” 3–8.
3 Ozkan, “What Drives Turkey’s Involvement in Africa?” 533–540.
4 See note 1 above.
5 See note 2 above.
6 For further information on WEF Nexus, see Bizikova et al., The Water-Energy-Food Security Nexus and Bazilian et al., “Considering the Energy, Water and Food Nexus.”
7 Morgenthau and Thompson, Politics Among Nations; Jervis, “Realism,” 971–992; Waltz, Theory of International Politics.
8 Karns and Mingst, International Organizations, 45.
9 Besada et al., “African Solutions for African Problems,” 1–15.
10 Duffield, Global Governance and the New Wars, 1–10.
11 United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report, 3.
12 Sen, Development as Freedom.
13 For a discussion on these schools of thought, see Peoples and Vaughan-Williams, Critical Security Studies.
14 For Hentz, see note 2 above; for Duffield, see note 10 above; Williams, “Thinking about Security in Africa,” 1021–1038.
15 Williamson, “Globalization,” 1–7; Muyeba, Globalization and Africa, 31–36; Stiglitz, Making Globalization Work, 3–25.
16 See Vodafone South Africa on how M-Pesa works at: http://www.vodafone.com/content/index/what/m-pesa.html
17 McRae, “Human Security,” 14–27.
18 Stiglitz and Kaldor, “Protection from Violence,” 91–93.
19 Axworthy, “Human Security and Global Governance,” 19–23; see note 14 above.
20 Aning and Abdallah, “Confronting Hybrid Threats,” 20–37.
21 Masters and Sergie, Al-Shabab.
22 Kambere, “Financing Al Shabaab.”
23 Ibid.
24 Claessens and Ratnovski, What is Shadow Banking? 3.
25 See note 23 above.
26 Letter dated 22 September 2015 from SEM addressed to the chair of the Security Council.
27 Kabandula and Shaw, “African Multinational Forces,” 2–4.
28 Schneckener, “Fragile Statehood, Armed Non-State Actors,” 23–40.
29 Map available at: http://fundforpeace.org/fsi/analytics/fsi-heat-map/
30 Cook and Downie, “Rethinking Engagement in Fragile States.”
31 Duffield, “Human Security,” 11–38.
32 Collier and Hoeffler, “Greed and Grievance in Civil War,” 563–595.
33 World Economic Forum, Water Security.
34 Drime and Gandure, "Food Security," 181–197.
35 See note 29 above.
36 Kihato and Muyeba, “Challenges and Prospects of African Urbanization.”
37 Kimenyi and Mbaku, “Limits of the New Nile Agreement.”
38 Okoth-Owiro, “The Nile Treaty”; Kimenyi and Mbaku, “Governing the Nile River Basin.”
39 Kimenyi and Mbaku, “Limits of the New Nile Agreement.” Kameri-Mbote, “Water, Conflict, and Cooperation.”
40 Ozkan, “What Drives Turkey’s Involvement in Africa?” 533. Donelli and Levaggi, “Becoming a Global Actor,” 93–115.
41 Ozkan and Akgun, “Turkey’s Opening to Africa,” 525–546.
42 Donelli, “The Ankara Consensus,” 3.
43 Ibid.
44 Korkut and Civelekoglu, “Becoming a Regional Power,” 187–203.
45 Erdogan, “Turkey: Africa’s Friend, Compatriot and Partner”. https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/06/turkey-africa-friend-compatriot-partner-160601070207148.html
46 See note 42 above.
47 Korkut and Civelekoglu, “Becoming a Regional Power,” 193. Ozkan, “Turkey’s Politcial-Economic Engagement with Africa,” 217–223.
48 Ibid.
49 Antonopoulos et al., “Somalia: Turkey’s Pivot to Africa,” 9.
50 Ibid.
51 See Somaliland Mission to the US press release at: http://unpo.org/article/20682
52 See The Economist article on “Red Sea Scramble” at https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2018/07/19/the-uae-is-scrambling-to-control-ports-in-africa
53 See Kantack, Critical Threats, 26 February 2018, article entitled “The New Scramble for Africa” available at https://www.criticalthreats.org/print/ana_5a9462b12fff6
54 Ibid.
55 See Global Security.org website on Eritrea military expenditure https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/eritrea/budget.htm
56 For further discussion, see Bruton, Foreign Affairs, “Ethiopia and Eritrea Have a Common
57 See a discussion by Olander, Staden and Shinn on the changing landscape of foreign investment in Africa titled “As BRICS Slow Investments in Africa, Turkey Ramps Up” at http://www.chinafile.com/china-africa-project/brics-slow-investments-africa-turkey-ramps
58 Ibid.
59 Kaya and Warner, Turkey and Africa, 2.
60 Rudincova, “New Player on the Scene,” 204.
61 Ibid.
62 See note 51 above.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Abigail Kabandula
Abigail Kabandula is a doctoral candidate in Global Governance and Human Security at the John W. McCormack Graduate School of Policy and Global Studies. She holds dual Masters Degrees in Global Governance and Human Security from UMass Boston, and Historical Studies from University of Cape Town (UCT), an Honors Degree in Gender and Transformation from UCT and a Bachelor of Arts in History and English from the University of Zambia (UNZA). Abigail has worked as a researcher at the Centres for Conflict Resolution (CCR) and for Social Science Research (CSSR) in Cape Town.
Timothy M. Shaw
Timothy M. Shaw is Visiting Professor in the PhD program in Global Governance and Human Security at UMass Boston. He is an adjunct professor at Aalborg, Carleton, Stellenbosch & UOttawa and teaches every summer in Beijing. Tim also edits a series on IPE for Palgrave Macmillan/Springer (www.palgrave.com/us/series/13996 and www.springer.com/series/13996) and Routledge (www.routledge.com/politics/series/ASHSE)