A longitudinal perspective on car ownership and use in relation with income inequalities in the Paris metropolitan area

ABSTRACT

The objective is to analyse the evolution of car ownership and use in the Paris region according to the standard of living of households and the place of residence (Paris, inner suburbs and outer suburbs). Based on annual panel surveys from 1974 to 2013, we show that a maximum of car use has been reached in the 1990s in the Paris region but the date of appearance of car ownership and use saturation differs according to the zone of residence (earlier in the City of Paris). The Gini index and the Q4/Q1 ratio are also computed to describe the evolution of inequalities in the population. In the Paris region, car ownership and use inequalities have strongly reduced since the 1970s. However, the levels of inequalities are higher in dense areas than in the outer suburbs where the necessity to own a car tends to homogenise travel behaviour. Last, if the Gini index is low because global inequalities are weak, inequalities remain important for low-income groups, especially in the outer suburbs where the indicators have to be interpreted as indicators of inequity.

KEYWORDS:

• Car ownership
• annual mileage
• inequalities
• economic indicators
• Paris region

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

1. The standard of living is defined by the annual income per consumption unit, using the middle of income brackets and the Oxford scale (the weight is 1 for the head of the household, 0.7 for the other persons over 14 years old and 0.5 for the children under 14).

2. The results about the proportion of equipped and multi-equipped households are not presented in the tables and figures because they serve mainly as an illustration to complete the comments of the results. However, we have used the same method than that presented in the methodology section to express the percentage of households per quarter having a car (or at least two cars).