Sustained constipation and subsequent reproductive outcomes: Is there a link?

Summary

Four cases of antenatal and intra-partum problems in nulliparous women, including early-onset pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth retardation, placental abruption and placenta accreta, are offered with the underlying theme of sustained and persistent constipation over many years. Possible aetiological mechanisms are offered to account for these presentations.