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Abstract
The presidential campaign communications of Donald J. Trump, 2015–2016 were a rhetorical phenomenon. They scandalously broke from tradition yet fused together a winning coalition in America’s gerrymandered Electoral College. Applying Kenneth Burke’s dramatic genres of burlesque and factional tragedy, this study seeks to show how sharply dislocative Trump’s discourse appeared to be. For Burkeans, burlesque and factional tragedy correlate with restorationist and revolutionary social movements, respectively, not with ordinary presidential politics. As a strategy of appeal, Trump’s aggressive, eccentric, and successful manner of attack may presignify a new and possibly enduring political and party alignment.
Acknowledgment
The author wishes to thank the editors and reviewers for their valuable contributions to the development of this essay. An earlier version of the paper was presented at the 10th Triennial Conference of the Kenneth Burke Society, East Stroudsburg University, June 9, 2017.
Notes
[1] “Anderson Cooper 360”, CNN, December 15, 2016, former factory worker statement recalled by a Rust Belt labor official, as reported by Van Jones. All quotations from television news shows were taken down on note cards immediately after recorded, or live, airing.
[2] David Jackson, “Trump’s Rhetoric Is Harsher than Previous Nominees.” USAToday, June 23, 2016, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2016/06/23/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-rhetoric/86293780/.
[3] Jamieson, as quoted in Jackson, “Trump’s Rhetoric.”
[4] Katy Tur, in an interview, “Andrea Mitchell Reports.” MSNBC, September, 22, 2017.
[5] David Denby, “The Plot Against America: Donald Trump’s Rhetoric,” NewYorker, December 15, 2015, https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/plot-america-donald-trumps-rhetoric.
[6] Denby, “Plot Against America.”
[7] Marshall Ganz and Hahrie Han, “What Hillary Clinton Can Learn from Bernie Sanders and Donald Trump,” TheNation, June 22, 2016, https://www.thenation.com/article/what-hillary-clinton-can-learn-from-bernie-sanders-and-donald-trump/; Eric Fershtman, “How the Rhetoric of Donald Trump Is (Sort Of) Changing American Politics,” Medium, April 24, 2016, https://medium.com/soapbox-dc/the-brand-new-culture-of-brand-or-how-the-rhetoric-of-donald-j-17c9f04baa0d; Joe Romm, “Donald Trump May Sound Like a Clown, But He Is a Rhetorical Pro Like Cicero,” ThinkProgress, March 28, 2016, https://thinkprogress.org/donald-trump-may-sound-like-a-clown-but-he-is-a-rhetoric-pro-like-cicero-ac40fd1cda79/; Jennifer Mercieca, “The Rhetorical Brilliance of Trump the Demagogue,” TheConversation (Texas A&M), December 9, 2016, theconversation.com/the-rhetorical-brilliance-of-trump-the-demagogue-51984.
[8] Kenneth Burke, A Rhetoric of Motives (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969/1950); Lou Dobbs, Host, “Lou Dobbs Tonight.” Fox Business Channel, November 8, 2016.
[9] Kenneth Burke, Attitudes Toward History, 3rd ed. (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1984/1937), 52–56, 92–105, particularly 102.
[10] David A. Snow, E. Burke Rockford, Jr., Steven K. Worden, and Robert D. Benford, “Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization and Movement Participation,” in Social Movements: Readings on Their Emergence, Mobilization, and Dynamics, edited by Doug McAdam and David A. Snow (Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury, 1997), 239–43; Erving Goffman, Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience (New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1986/1974).
[11] Burke, Attitudes, 188–90n.
[12] Snow et al., “Frame Alignment,” 239; Burke, Attitudes, 52–6, 92–105, 188–90n. Burke illustrates factional tragedy as a frame of rejection via religious evangelism. A religious orientation may be a “universal tragedy”—all have sinned, all share the same fallen “substance,” all can be forgiven—until some reject the call to faith, or simply do not assent. The nonbelievers are to be rejected in turn, until they repent, believe, and accept. On “substance,” see Kenneth Burke, A Grammar of Motives (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1969/1945), 21–35.
[13] Burke, Attitudes, 102–103; Edward C. Appel, Language, Life, Literature, Rhetoric and Composition as Dramatic Action: A Burkean Primer (Leola, PA: OarPress, 2012), 180–81, most directly accessed at: http://sites.psu.edu/fa2014vicarocas201/wp-content/uploads/sites/15238/2014/08/100202_BurkeanPrimer.pdf. On the “conservative” tendencies in burlesque, see Edward C. Appel, “Burlesque Drama as a Rhetorical Genre: The Hudibrastic Ridicule of William F. Buckley, Jr.,” Western Journal of Communication 60 (1996): 270–71.
[14] Burke, Attitudes, 35–36n, 54; Northrup Frye, Anatomy of Criticism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957); Appel, Burkean Primer, 180–81.
[15] Burke, Attitudes, 54–56, 93, emphasis in original; Appel, Burkean Primer, 180–81.
[16] Burke, Attitudes, 52–56, 92–105; no scapegoating unto severe punishment, permanent banishment, or death to the enemy, only “rejection” of the supposedly “ludicrous[ly]” “il[logical]”; Appel, Burkean Primer, 180–81.
[17] Burke, Attitudes, 5, 93–95, 104–105; Kenneth Burke, Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966), 21; Appel, Burkean Primer, 180–81.
[18] Denise M. Bostdorff, “Making Light of James Watt: A Burkean Approach to the Form and Attitude of Political Cartoons,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 73 (1987): 43–59, 46.
[19] A. Cheree Carlson, “Limitations on the Comic Frame: Some Witty American Women of the Nineteenth Century,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 74 (1988): 310–22.
[20] Mark P. Moore, “The Quayle Quagmire: Political Campaigns in the Poetic Form of Burlesque,” Western Journal of Communication 56 (1992): 108–24; Denise M. Bostdorff, “Vice Presidential Comedy and the Traditional Female Role: An Examination of the Rhetorical Characteristics of the Vice Presidency,” Western Journal of Communication 55 (1991): 1–27.
[21] Appel, “Burlesque Drama as a Rhetorical Genre,” 269–84; Edward C. Appel, “Rush to Judgment: Burlesque, Tragedy, and Hierarchal Alchemy in the Rhetoric of America’s Foremost Political Talkshow Host,” Southern Communication Journal 68 (2003): 217–30.
[22] Michael Osborn and John Bakke, “The Melodramas of Memphis: Contending Narratives during the Sanitation Strike of 1968,” Southern Communication Journal 63 (1998): 223, emphasis in original; Robert B. Heilman, Tragedy and Melodrama: Versions of Experience (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1968).
[23] Edward C. Appel, “‘Tragedy-Lite’ or ‘Melodrama’? In Search of a Standard Generic Tag,” Southern Communication Journal 73 (2008): 179–80, 188–89.
[24] Appel, Burkean Primer, 233–39.
[25] Osborn and Bakke, “The Melodramas of Memphis,” 224.
[26] Appel, “‘Tragedy-Lite’ or ‘Melodrama,’” 180–81, 190–91; Appel, Burkean Primer, 231–32; Burke, Rhetoric, 23.
[27] Margaret Zulick, “Sources in Presidential Rhetoric,” Wake Forest University, accessed January 19, 2018, users.wfu.edu/zulick/454/presbib.html.
[28] For example, see J. Meyer, “Ronald Reagan and Humor: A Politician’s Velvet Weapon,” Communication Studies 41 (1990): 76–88.
[29] Jasmine Lee and Kevin Quealy, “The 282 People, Places, and Things Donald Trump Has Insulted on Twitter: A Complete List.” NYTimes, October 23, 2016, https://www.edwes.de/2016/10/25/the-282-people-places-and-things-donald-trump-has-insulted-on-twitter-a-complete-list-the-new-york-times/.
[30] Burke, Attitudes, 188–90n.
[31] Gregory Desilet and Edward C. Appel, “Choosing a Rhetoric of the Enemy: Kenneth Burke’s Comic Frame, Warrantable Outrage, and the Problem of Scapegoating,” Rhetoric Society Quarterly 41 (2011): 347n, 356–58, including notes. See William H. Rueckert, Kenneth Burke and the Drama of Human Relations, 2nd ed. (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1982/1963), 212, for “tragedy” as “perfect actualizatrion,” “perfect essence of the tension,” “excessive engrossment.”
[32] E.g., Andrew A. King and Floyd Douglas Anderson, “Nixon, Agnew, and the ‘Silent Majority’: A Case Study in the Rhetoric of Polarization,” Western Speech 35 (1971): 243–55; Burke, Rhetoric, 23.
[33] For a good summary of what constitutes acceptable “democratic deliberation” and debate in a presidential context, see Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Everything You Think You Know about Politics … And Why You’re Wrong (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2000), the chapter, “What Should We Really Expect? How They Talk to Us,” 55–69. The book deals in particular with the presidential campaigns of 1992, 1996, and 2000.
[34] Burke, Attitudes, 57, 99, 188–90n.
[35] Ruth Marcus, “Bluster of the Donald,” Oregonian, January 6, 2016, http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2016/01/bluster_of_the_donald_ruth_mar.html. Marcus proceeded to outline Trump’s incoherent speech.
[36] Colin Campbell, “Fire First,” BusinessInsider, June 29, 2013, https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-fire-john-kerry-2015-6; Jenna Johnson, “Trump Calls for ‘Total and Complete Shutdown of Muslims Entering the United States,’” WashingtonPost, December 7, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/12/07/donald-trump-calls-for-total-and-complete-shutdown-of-muslims-entering-the-united-states/?utm_term=.68fc937b8764.
[37] Becky Bracken, “Transcript of Donald Trump’s Speech in West Palm Beach Shows He’s Ready to Point Fingers,” Romper, October 13, 2016, https://www.romper.com/p/transcript-of-donald-trumps-speech-in-west-palm-beech–shows-hes-ready-to-point-fingers-204.
[38] Donald Trump, speech excerpt, “Andrea Mitchell Reports.” MSNBC, October 17, 2016.
[39] Donald Trump, speech excerpt, “CNN Tonight with Don Lemon,” CNN, November 2, 2016.
[40] S. A. Miller, “Donald Trump Warns Obamacare-Hillary Clinton Nightmare ‘Will Destroy American Health Care Forever,’” WashingtonTimes, November 1, 2016, https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/nov/1/trump-clinton-will-destroy-american-health-care/.
[41] Scott Detrow, “Trump Says African-American Communities in ‘Worst Shape’ Ever; Data Disagree,” NPR, September 21, 2016, https://www.npr.org/2016/09/21/494883725/trump-says-african-americans-are-in-their-worst-shape-ever-the-data-disagree.
[42] Donald Trump’s “Gettysburg Address,” Newsroom with Briana Keilor, CNN, October 22, 2016.
[43] Donald Trump, speech excerpt, “11th Hour with Brian Williams,” MSNBC, October 11, 2016.
[44] S. A. Miller, “Trump: Clinton Win Would Mean ‘Almost Total Destruction’ of US,” WashingtonTimes, October 12, 2016, https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/oct/12/trump-clinton-win-mean-almost-total-destruction-us/.
[45] Geoff Earle, “Immigrants Are a ‘Vicious Cancer from Within’; Trump Goes on Offensive as Afghan-born Is Named in New York Bomb Hunt,” DailyMail, September 19, 2016, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3796519/Trump-warns-terror-attacks-happen-country-says-U-S-gentle-enemies-calls-immigrants-vicious-cancer-within.html.
[46] Bracken, “Donald Trump’s Speech in West Palm Beach.”
[47] Donald Trump, speech excerpt, “The Lead with Jake Tapper,” CNN, October 12, 2016.
[48] Lindsey Ellefson, “Lauer Presses Trump on His Claim He Knows More About ISIS Than U.S. Generals,” Mediaite, September 7, 2016, https://www.mediaite.com/online/lauer-presses-trump-on-his-claim-he-knows-more-about-isis-than-u-s-generals-do/.
[49] Donald Trump, speech excerpt, “Joy Reid,” MSNBC, October 30, 2016.
[50] “Full Text: Donald Trump Announces a Presidential Bid,” WashingtonPost, June 16, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/06/16/full-text-donald-trump-announces-a-presidential-bid/?utm_term=.a762548f4bd7.
[51] NPR Staff, “Transcript: Donald Trump’s Speech Responding to Assault Accusations,” NPR, October 13, 2016, https://www.npr.org/2016/10/13/497857068/transcript-donald-trumps-speech-responding-to-assault-accusations; Donald Trump, speech excerpt, “Andrea Mitchell Reports,” MSNBC, September 21, 2016.
[52] Donald Trump, interview by Sean Hannity, “Hannity,” Fox News, October 31, 2016.
[53] Donald Trump, Pueblo, Colorado, speech, “MSNBC Live with Steve Kornacki,” MSNBC, October 3, 2016.
[54] Donald Trump, speech excerpt, “Anderson Cooper 360,” CNN, December 9, 2016; Chris Cillizza, “Donald Trump Is a ‘Smart Person’ in Case You Forgot,” WashingtonPost, December 12, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/12/12/donald-trump-doesnt-need-a-daily-intelligence-briefing-according-to-donald-trump/?utm_term=.dc3740f25634.
[55] On the implicitly moral/dramatic trajectory from Burke’s pentad/hexad to the guilt-redemption cycle, see Appel, Burkean Primer, first three chapters, particularly 4-12.
[56] Lee and Quealy, “The 282 People, Places, and Things.” See also Brian L. Ott, “The Age of Twitter: Donald J. Trump and the Politics of Debasement,” Critical Studies in Media Communication 34 (2017): 59–68.
[57] Colin Campbell, “Donald Trump: Here’s the Obama Official I’d Fire First,” BusinessInsider, June 29, 2015, www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-fire-john-kerry-2015-6; Lee and Quealy, “The 282 People, Places, and Things”; Alan Rappaport, “Donald Trump, Interrupted. He Calls Flint Pastor Who Cut in ‘a Nervous Mess,’” NYTimes, September 15, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/16/us/politics/donald-trump-flint-pastor.html; Paola Chavez and Veronica Stracqualursi, “The History of the Donald Trump-Megan Kelly Feud,” ABCNews, May 17, 2016, https://www.abcnews.go.com/politics/history-donald-trump-megan-kelly-feud/story?id=39151987.
[58] https://www.hillaryclinton.com/issues/immigration-reform/; https://www.factcheck.org/2016/08/twisting-clintons-immigration-plan/; https://www.hillaryclinton.com/issues/gun-violence-prevention/; Nick Corasaniti, Nicholas Confessore, and Michael Barbaro, “Donald Trump Says Hillary Clinton’s Bodyguards Should Disarm to ‘See What Happens to Her,’” NYTimes, September 17, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/17/us/politics/donald-trump-hillary-clinton.html?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=8DF351B12AE430A47BEF23405360BF06&gwt=pay.
[59] Danielle Paquette, “What Clinton’s and Trump’s Child-care Plans Mean for Parents,” WashingtonPost, September 15, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/09/15/what-clintons-and-trumps-child-care-plans-mean-for-parents/?utm_term=.143f058ed8eb.
[60] Lauren Carroll, “Hillary Clinton’s Top Ten Campaign Promises,” PolitiFact, July 22, 2016, https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2016/jul/22/hillary-clintons-top-ten-campaign-promises/.
[61] Kyle Cheney, Isaac Arnsdorf, Daniel Lippman, Daniel Strauss, and Brent Griffiths, “Donald Trump’s Week of Misrepresentations, Exaggerations, and Half- Truths,” Politico, September 25, 2016, https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/09/2016-donald-trump-fact-check-week-214287.
[62] Donald Trump, speech excerpt, “CNN Newsroom with Briana Keilor,” CNN, October 20, 2016.
[63] Donald Trump, speech excerpt, “11th Hour with Brian Williams,” MSNBC, October 31, 2016.
[64] Donald Trump, speech excerpt, “Your World with Neil Cavuto,” Fox News, October 15, 2016; “Erin Burnett Out Front,” CNN, October 24, 2016; “Lou Dobbs Tonight,” Fox Business, October 31, 2016.
[65] Donald Trump, “Transcript of the Second Debate,” NYTimes, October 10, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/10/us/politics/transcript-second-debate.html?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=AC47DB455B493FCF9188F331FC2E9B38&gwt=pay.
[66] Donald Trump, speech in West Palm Beach, Florida, CNN, October 13, 2016.
[67] Kenneth Burke, The Philosophy of Literary Form: Studies in Symbolic Action, 3rd ed. (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1973/1941), 39–40; Burke, Language, 92–94.
[68] Burke, Attitudes, 101-03.
[69] Craig R. Smith, “Ronald Reagan’s Rhetorical Re-invention of Conservatism,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 103 (2017): 33–65.
[70] Ross Douthat, “How to Break a Party: The 2016 Primary Has Exposed the Deep Divisions in the G.O.P.,” NYTimes, February 18, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/18/opinion/campaign-stops/how-to-break-a-party.html?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=3263D1A8EA46CBD7C9C043EF9C1D4DB6&gwt=pay&assetType=opinion.
[71] Nick Corasaniti and Maggie Haberman, “Donald Trump Suggests ‘Second Amendment People’ Could Act Against Hillary Clinton,” NYTimes, August 9, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/10/us/politics/donald-trump-hillary-clinton.html?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=C9ADCE9E10166486A3456FA194B6F4DA&gwt=pay; Corasaniti et al., “Donald Trump Says Hillary Clinton’s Bodyguards Should Disarm.”
[72] Snow et al., “Frame Alignment Processes,” 239–43, 245–47.
[73] Donald Trump, “Transcript of the Second Debate,” NYTimes, October 10, 2016.
[74] Ben Schreckinger, “Trump Rally Speaker Fantasizes about Death of Hillary Clinton,” Politico, October 30, 2016, https://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/clinton-trump-abedin-death-230510.
[75] Schreckinger, “Trump Rally Speaker.”
[76] Schreckinger, “Trump Rally Speaker.”
[77] Nolan D. McCaskill, “Sen. Burr Apologizes for Suggesting Clinton Should Have a ‘Bull’s-eye’ on Her,” Politico, October 31, 2016, http://presidentialgenderwatch.org/sen-burr-apologizes-suggesting-clinton-bulls-eye/.
[78] Allegra Kirkland, “Kelly: Fox Exec Told Trump Team It Would Not ‘Help’ Him If She Was Killed,” TalkingPointsMemo, November 17, 2016, https://talkingpointsmemo.com/livewire/megyn-kelly-fox-had-to-tell-trump-campaign-stop-death-threats.
[79] Nolan D. McCaskill, “Trump Accuses Cruz’s Father of Helping JFK’s Assassin,” Politico, May 3, 2016, https://www.politico.com/blogs/2016-gop-primary-live-updates-and-results/2016/05/trump-ted-cruz-father-222730; Emily Hulsey, “Ted Cruz’s Shock Endorsement of Trump Has His Fans Banging Their Heads Against the Wall,” IJR (Independent Journal), retrieved December 18, 2016, URL unavailable.
[80] WCPO Staff (Cincinnati, Ohio), “Donald Trump Promises to End Obamacare, NAFTA during Cincinnati ‘Thank You’ Tour Speech,” WCPO, December 1, 2016, https://www.wcpo.com/news/local-news/hamilton-county/cincinnati/donald-trump-cincinnati-live-video-stream-thank-you-tour-brings-mike-pence-trump-to-cincy. “I’m Gonna Bring Back the American Dream,” Trump said in his address.
[81] David Barstow, “Thin Line Splits Trump’s Politics and Businesses,” NYTimes, November 5, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/06/us/politics/donald-trump-business-tax-records.html?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=0F194985CF6E170E2092BEDE2AFDC015&gwt=pay.
[82] Barstow, “Thin Line.”
[83] Ben Geier, “5 Ways Donald Trump Is Making Money Off His Own Campaign,” Fortune, August 24, 2016, http://fortune.com/2016/08/24/donald-trump-campaign/; Philip Bump, “Donald Trump’s Trucker Hat Has Sold Out. And It’s a Good Case Study in Campaign Finance,” WashingtonPost, July 28, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/07/28/donald-trumps-trucker-hat-has-sold-out-its-also-a-good-case-study-in-campaign-finance/?utm_term=.6f91e8991940.
[84] Ruth Marcus, “Trump Tax Plan Would ‘Fix’ System That Already Favors Him,” LNP (Lancaster, PA, via Washington Post news service), October 4, 2016, A15; Rick Riccardi and Anne D’Innocenzio, “Trump Tax Return Shows Class Disparity,” LNP (Lancaster, PA, via the Associated Press), October 3, 2016, A1; Barstow, “Thin Line.”
[85] Donald Trump, Ocala, Florida, speech, “Happening Now,” Fox News, March 12, 2016; Burke, Attitudes, 35–36. Burke’s invocation of the “perfection” of the “heroic[ally]” “epic” protagonist vouchsafes its application to the factionally “tragic” leader. Again, see Rueckert, Kenneth Burke, 210, 212, on the relationship between “perfection” and “tragic” drama.
[86] Burke, Attitudes, 95; Language, 21.
[87] Burke, Language, 91–94; Grammar, 242–43.
[88] Burke, Language, 92; Philosophy, 1–8, 119.
[89] John Judis, “All the Rage: Sanders and Trump Represent Two Different Sides of American Populism—And the Uprisings They Sparked Could Topple the Established Political Order,” NewRepublic, September 19, 2016, https://newrepublic.com/article/136327/all-rage-sanders-trump-populism.
[90] William Greider, “My Post-Debate [first one] Blues, or, How a Rude Egomaniac Has Effectively Channeled Working Class Anger,” TheNation, October 30, 2016, https://www.thenation.com/article/my-post-debate-blues-or-how-a-rude-egomaniac-has-effectively-channeled-working-class-anger/.
[91] Ronald Brownstein, “Trump’s Rhetoric of White Nostalgia,” TheAtlantic, June 2, 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/06/trumps-rhetoric-of-white-nostalgia/485192/.
[92] Robert Reich, “Anti-establishment Surge Won’t Disappear after the Election,” LNP (Lancaster, PA), October 20, 2016, A19; Robert Draper, “How Donald Trump Set Off a Civil War within the Republican Media,” NYTimes, September 29, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/02/magazine/how-donald-trump-set-off-a-civil-war-within-the-right-wing-media.html?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=82DBD068B109B095B5161C0416A40CAB&gwt=pay; Dan Balz, “As Trump Delivers His Gettysburg Address, GOP Prepares for a Civil War,” WashingtonPost, October 23, 2016, https://www.realclearpolitics.com/2016/10/23/as_trump_delivers_his_gettysburg_address_gop_preps_for_civil_war_394155.html; Julia Azari, “The GOP’s Breakdown Is Only Just Beginning,” Politico, November 1, 2016, https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/11/gop-republican-party-factions-election-2016-politics-214407.
[93] Three journalists give “warning”: Kenneth P. Vogel, “The ‘Resistance,’ Raising Big Money, Upends Liberal Politics,” NYTimes, October 7, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/07/us/politics/democrats-resistance-fundraising.html?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=ED9E969D1814772C55BC05B32945FDE5&gwt=pay; Robert Costa, “After Alabama, GOP Anti-establishment Wing Declares All-out War,” WashingtonPost, September 26, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/after-alabama-anti-establishment-wing-declares-all-out-war-in-2018/2017/09/26/96d1f54a-a2d0-11e7-b14f-f41773cd5a14_story.html?utm_term=.c68fb6f180ea; Thomas B. Edsall, “The End of the Left and the Right as We Knew Them,” NYTimes, June 22, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/22/opinion/nationalism-globalism-edsall.html?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=9B8631F3B4E627F39C92D9B14E5B0D2A&gwt=pay&assetType=opinion.
[94] E.g., Zoe Williams, “The Dangerous Fantasy Behind Trump’s Normalization,” TheGuardian, November 15, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/15/dangerous-fantasy-donald-trump-normalisation-us-president-elect-barbarism. “‘When I hear him [Trump] described … as someone who’s somehow in the acceptable range of rhetoric, I think I’m hallucinating,’” David Remnick, editor of the New Yorker.
[95] Donald Trump, second “Thank You Tour” speech, Fayetteville, North Carolina, “Anderson Cooper 360,” CNN, December 6, 2016.
[96] Donald Trump, in an interview, “11th Hour with Brian Williams,” MSNBC, December 7, 2016.