Rhetorical intent in ancient historiography: Herodotus and the battle of marathon

Abstract

Throughout history the credibility of Herodotus's account of the Persian wars has been reviewed with skepticism by both ancient and modern scholars. Yet, such criticism, particularly that of contemporary researchers, has refused to consider rhetoric as a possible explanation for Herodotus's historiography. Drawing from his account of the Battle of Marathon, this study indicates how Herodotus's bias against the Persian Empire prompted a pro‐Athenian perspective. Most importantly, Herodotus's intent, evident throughout his account of the Battle of Marathon, was to unobtrusively establish a construct of values that would function as a standard for the diverse views of Hellenic civilization. Herodotus initiated a tradition of a persuasive style of historiography that would be of impact to such historians as Isocrates, Ephoros, and Theopompos, who would consciously incorporate principles of rhetoric into their writings for the purpose of fostering panhellenism. In this respect, Herodotus can be considered not only the father of history, but also the father of rhetorical historiography, for the perspective of his account reveals the first conscious attempt by a major Greek historian to relate events in such a manner that they direct individuals toward adopting a predetermined attitude.