Lead induces Siberian tiger fibroblast apoptosis by interfering with intracellular homeostasis

Abstract

Lead (Pb²⁺) is a poisonous heavy metal that causes many pathophysiological effects in living systems. Its toxicological effects are well known as it causes apoptosis of several cell types and tissues. This study aimed to determine the criteria required for early diagnosis of Pb²⁺ poisoning in the Siberian tiger using a tiger population in China, to identify a safety Pb²⁺ concentration threshold, and to provide suggestions for preventing Pb²⁺ poisoning in Siberian tigers. We investigated the apoptotic effects of Pb²⁺ (0, 32, 64, and 125 μM) for 12–48 h on Siberian tiger fibroblasts in vitro. Typical apoptotic effects were observed after Pb²⁺ exposure. Pb²⁺ strongly blocked DNA synthesis in the G0/G1 phase and induced cell apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Intracellular free calcium (Ca²⁺) levels, reactive oxygen species levels, and efflux of extracellular Ca²⁺ were increased. The mitochondrial membrane potential was lowered. Caspase-3, -8, and -9 activities were increased when fibroblasts were treated with 32, 64, and 125 μM Pb²⁺. The gene expression levels of Bax, caspase-3, -8, Fas, and p53 were increased, while that of Bcl-2 was decreased. Calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial function were disturbed. Ca²⁺ efflux, oxidative damage, activation of caspases, and regulation of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, -8, Fas, and p53 gene expression played an important role in the apoptotic effects. The disorder of intracellular homeostasis was the trigger for apoptosis in Siberian tiger fibroblasts.

Keywords:

• Siberian tiger
• lead
• apoptosis
• fibroblasts

Disclosure statement

The authors have no competing interests to declare.

Additional information

Funding

The work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province [2014022042], and the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP) (cxgc-ias-01).