The effects of minocycline in improving of methamphetamine withdrawal syndrome in male mice

Abstract

Methamphetamine (METH) is a potent psychostimulant drug with an increasing rate of abuse over recent years. Depressive-like behaviors are one of the major symptoms patients in the METH withdrawal period experience. There is limited evidence regarding the METH withdrawal treatment, and conventional managements are not completely effective. Furthermore, extensive promising literature supports minocycline, a well-known antibiotic with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory properties, to treat depressive-like behaviors. Therefore, we hypothesized that administration of minocycline might mitigate the methamphetamine (METH) induced depression in male mice. Administration of METH (2 mg/kg) to mice two times a day for 14 constitutive days was done to induce the METH-induced withdrawal syndrome model. Animals were divided into 10 groups (n = 10 in each group), and three doses of minocycline (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) were daily administered to male albino mice for 10 days. Following the behavioral test, the animals were scarified, their hippocampus were dissected to measure oxidative stress parameters. Our data revealed that chronic administration of minocycline provoked antidepressant effects in behavioral tests, such as forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and splash test. Additionally, minocycline was able to improve oxidative stresses and neuronal damage in the hippocampus and restore the body’s antioxidant system by increasing glutathione (GSH) and the cellular energy (ATP) and reducing the malondialdehyde (MDA) level. According to our promising results of minocycline on targeting mitochondria and its performance, we suggest minocycline as a new therapeutic option in clinical trials of depression treatment.

Keywords:

• Methamphetamine (METH)
• minocycline
• depression
• oxidative stress
• withdrawal syndrome
• mice

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Author contribution

Conceived and designed the experiments and the study protocol: MJH & HG; Performed the experiments: Sima Asghari; Analyzed the data: MJH; Interpretation of the data: MJH &HG; Wrote the paper: MJH & ASBE. Critical review of the manuscript: MJH & HG & SA.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the deputy of research of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences [Grant NO: A-10-934-5].