Heavy Crude Oil Biodegradation: Catechol Dioxygenase Gene Copy Number Variation Determination by Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction

Abstract

The crude oil reserves in Oman mainly consist of heavy oil. Microbial enhanced heavy oil recovery (MEOR) has been proved to be an efficient technique in the tertiary heavy oil recovery. Five Bacillus species potential for enhanced heavy oil recovery (EHOR) were isolated and the biodegradation ability of these isolates was studied. As heavy crude oil comprises of aromatic hydrocarbons rather than aliphatic ones, the aromatic catabolism gene, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23O) and catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (C12O) were the genes of interest in this study along with the reference gene, 16S rDNA. The copy number variation of these genes was determined using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). The primers and probes for ddPCR assay were designed targeting these genes. It was observed that the heavy crude oil biodegradation potential of the isolates correlated with the copy number of C23O gene in the microbial genomes. The isolate, Paenibacillus ehimensis BS1 had the highest C23O gene copy number (1.057) followed by Bacillus firmus BG4 (0.895) and Bacillus halodurans BG5 (0.031) as demonstrated by their biodegradation potential. This is one of the few studies deploying ddPCR in the field of heavy crude oil biodegradation by spore forming bacteria.

Keywords:

• Heavy crude oil
• biodegradation genes
• copy number variation
• ddPCR
• Bacillus sp.

Correction Statement

This article has been corrected with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.

Author contributions

Biji Shibulal: methodology, investigation, data curation, validation, and writing—original draft preparation. Saif N. Al Bahry: supervision, conceptualization, methodology, writing—reviewing, and editing. Aliya Al Ansari: supervision, methodology, validation, writing—reviewing, and editing. Abdulkhader Elshefie: conceptualization, writing—reviewing and editing, and validation. Yahya M. Al Wahaibi and Ali Al Bemani: conceptualization, writing—reviewing and editing.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.