Digitised, digital and static archives and the struggles in the Middle East and North Africa

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the differences between archived material that was always a digital record and hard-copy archives that were subsequently digitised. It considers the rationales behind the digitisation of archives in established western democracies as digitised collections and ad-hoc files are made available online. It compares this with how the archives of regimes in the Middle East and North Africa that collapsed between 1990 and 2011 were digitised. Overt political expediency determined the circumstances  under which documents were released and recalled from public view. It examines the digitisation of archival material after the wars in Iraq in 1991 and 2003 and its political implications . Then it examines material that has always been digital: the record of social media exchanges on the day when Colonel Qaddafi was killed in Libya in October 2011 and how the archived digital form reflects the origins and purposes under which it was produced. In both cases the electronic format is not simply a question of ease of distribution, both have become a record because they were assembled for particular purposes. Like ‘traditional’ archived documents, they were never intended to satisfy  the needs of later historians but they became a source by being brought together.

KEYWORDS:

• Born-again digital archives
• digitisation of archives
• state collapse
• Iraq
• Libya

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

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Additional information

Notes on contributors

C. R. Pennell

Associate Professor Pennell is al-Tajir Lecturer in the History of Islam and the Middle East, University of Melbourne, Australia. He has published extensively on the history of North Africa and the Middle East, including Morocco since 1830 (C. Hurst and New York University Press, London & New York, 2000). He is currently researching the history of asylum-seekers’ accounts of oppression from the Middle East and North Africa.