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Abstract
Hybrid micro-grid systems (HMGS) are gaining increasing attention worldwide. The balance between electricity load and generation based on fluctuating renewable energy sources is a main challenge in the operation and design of HMGS. Battery energy storage systems are considered essential components for integrating high shares of renewable energy into a HMGS. Currently, there are very few studies in the field of mathematical optimisation and multi-criteria decision analysis that focus on the evaluation of different battery technologies and their impact on the HMGS design. The model proposed in this paper aims at optimising three different criteria: minimising electricity costs, reducing the loss of load probability, and maximising the use of locally available renewable energy. The model is applied in a case study in southern Germany. The optimisation is carried out using the C-DEEPSO algorithm. Its results are used as input for an AHP-TOPSIS model to identify the most suitable alternative out of five different battery technologies using expert weights. Lithium batteries are considered the best solution with regard to the given group preferences and the optimisation results.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Brazilian research foundations: CAPES, CNPq, FAPEMIG and FAPERJ for the financial support. This work was financed by the BE MUNDUS Project and the Helmholtz-Project Energy System 2050. We also would like to thank Dr. Hugo C. C. Carneiro and ITAS English reviewer team for providing a meaningful revision.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.