Inter-Ethnic Attitudes and Contacts Between Ethnic Groups in Estonia

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Acknowledgement

The research has been partly supported by grants from the Estonian Ministry of Education and Science (0181774s01 and 0180017s07).

Notes

Notes

1 Bogardus’ scale (1928) included seven statements for ‘expressing racial reaction’: (1) marriage; (2) friends in one's social club; (3) neighbors; (4) members of the same occupation; (5) fellow citizens; (6) allowing such persons to enter one's country as visitors only; and (7) excluding from the country (Bogardus 1928, p. 24).

2 The students were expected to write in their mother tongue in order to have equal ease in expression. However, most of the teachers in schools with Russian language tuition asked their pupils to write the essay in Estonian.