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ABSTRACT
We examined the association between omega-3 fatty acids (O3FAs) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in a cross-sectional analysis of 6219 men examined at the Cooper Clinic from 2009 to 2013. We assayed O3FAs from red blood cell membranes and measured PSA levels in study participants. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine the association between O3FAs and PSA. The mean age of study participants was 55.5 years (SD = 9.8) with a mean PSA level of 1.31 ng/mL (SD = 1.5). Unadjusted analyses indicated that there was a slight, direct association with PSA and each of the O3FAs tested. However, after adjusting for age and body mass index (BMI), the associations were reversed but nonsignificant [odds ratio (OR) for PSA > 4 ng/mL: total omega-3 OR = 0.98 per each 1% of total fatty acids, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.93–1.03; docosahexaenoic acid OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.92–1.11; omega-3 index OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.93–1.05). Similar results were obtained after age and BMI adjustment when the omega-3 index was divided into undesirable (0.01–3.99%), intermediate (4.0–7.99%), and desirable ranges ( ≥ 8.0%). Given that the study had >80% power to detect an odds ratio <0.9 or >1.1, we conclude that associations between O3FAs and PSA levels are either nonexistent or quite weak in the population that this healthy sample represents.
Acknowledgments
We thank Kenneth H. Cooper, MD, MPH, for establishing the CCLS; the Cooper Clinic for collecting the data; and The Cooper Institute for data management. We have no disclosures of potential conflicts of interest to report. The Cooper Institute (Dallas, TX) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit research institute and provided internal funding for this study. The present study has not been published elsewhere and has not been submitted simultaneously to any other journals for publication. WSH is the President of OmegaQuant Analytics, LLC and a Senior Scientist at Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Inc., 2 commercial laboratories that offer the Omega-3 Index test.