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Abstract
Evidence suggests the role of changing traditional lifestyle patterns such as Paleolithic to modern lifestyle in the incidence and epidemic of chronic diseases. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association between Paleolithic diet (PD) and risk of Breast Cancer (BC) in adult Iranian women. This matched case–control study included 253 women with BC and 267 healthy women aged >18 years. PD score was evaluated using a validated 168-item quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Conditional logistic regression model was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs), and dose-response was investigated. Mean of PD score was 39.00 ± 6.39. Among the food groups of the PD components, BC patients significantly had lower consumption of healthy food groups as vegetables, fruits, fish, and nuts, higher intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages as well as grains and starches. After adjustment for potential confounders, comparing the highest quartile of PD scores with the lowest quartile, a decrease in the risk of BC was observed for all women (OR: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.13–0.53), as well as those premenopausal (OR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.11), and postmenopausal (OR: 0.17; 95% CI: 0.05 − 0.56). Our findings show that adherence to the PD pattern significantly reduces the risk of BC in the population studied. However, prospective studies are needed to further investigate this association.
Disclosure Statement
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethics Approval
Not applicable.
Informed Consent
All authors of this manuscript declared their consent for publication.
Transparency Declaration
The lead author affirms that this manuscript is an honest, accurate and transparent account of the study being reported. The reporting of this work is compliant with high quality qualitative research methodology. The lead author affirms that no important aspects of the study have been omitted and that any discrepancies from the study as planned have been explained. This manuscript is also written according to the STROBE guideline.
Funding
The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.
Data Availability Statement
Data available on request due to privacy/ethical restrictions.