Oral and pharyngeal cancer, diet, smoking, alcohol, and serum vitamin a and β‐carotene levels: A case‐control study in men

Abstract

A case‐control study was conducted in Melbourne, Australia. Forty‐one men with histologically confirmed squamous cell oral or pharyngeal cancer were compared with 398 male community controls. A statistically significant increase in risk was found for alcohol (ethanol) consumption and for smoking, and there was a synergistic effect for these two exposures. Statistically significant protection was noted with increasing intake of dietary vitamin C, dietary ß‐carotene, fruit, vegetables, and dietary fiber. The mean serum levels of ß‐carotene and vitamin A were statistically significantly lower when the cases were compared with another set of 88 male controls of a similar age who were hospitalized for minor surgical operations. This study confirms a causal effect of smoking and alcohol and a protective role for a high dietary intake of fruit, vegetables, cereals, and, particularly, ß‐carotene‐ and vitamin C‐containing foods.