Effect of Referring Expression on Antecedent-Grouping Choice in Plural Reference Resolution

ABSTRACT

This article reports one eye-tracking and one sentence-completion experiment, examining the antecedent preferences for plural anaphora they and demonstrative these. Our results show that the antecedent-grouping preference depends on type of referring expressions: specifically, the preference for they is to refer to a smaller paired group within the context, whereas the preference for these is to refer to a larger (maximal) grouping. This points to limitations regarding the application of the Closure Strategy (Koh & Clifton, 2002), which would have predicted a more general maximal-grouping preference for the contexts investigated here. Previous findings comparing singular pronouns with demonstratives (it and this) show that, relative to pronouns, demonstratives prefer more inferentially complex antecedents. With this in mind, the current results could be explained if the preference for the demonstrative was to refer to a more complex referent than that of the pronoun.

Acknowledgments

We thank Laura Lindsay for data collection.

Notes

¹ Please visit http://stimuli-plurality for the full set of stimuli used in Experiment 1.

² Note that the converse comparison (directly comparing both vs. all within each level of referring expression) would be hard to interpret, because this would involve directly comparing different words in the disambiguating region.

³ Please visit http:// stimuli-plurality for the full set of stimuli used in Experiment 2.

⁴ The analyses were computed using the lme4 package in R: (see http://lme4.r-forge.r-project.org). The official number of lme4 was 999375-35. R 3.0 for Windows was used.