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Abstract
The gross morphology and ultrastructure of the reproductive systems of Eustheniidae and Gripopterygidae (Plecoptera: Antarctoperlaria) were investigated. Males revealed true metameric testes, a paired penis and paired male genital openings. True primary panoistic ovarioles were observed in females. As in Arctoperlaria, the ovaries of Antarctoperlaria are composed of numerous ovarioles. Terminal filaments are absent in both adult and larval ovarioles. The early larval ovarioles of Antarctoperlaria are composed of a functional germarium and a vitellarium housing previtellogenic ovarian follicles. The germaria of Gripopterygidae contained clones of germ cells interconnected via intercellular bridges. Clones were not observed in Eustheniidae. The fusion of the anterior ends of ovaries/oviducts and testes/sperm ducts is a unique character supporting Plecopteran monophyly. Metameric testicles and the paired male genital openings are regarded as plesiomorphic characters that are assumed to have been lost in other Neoptera.
Acknowledgements
The examined insects were supplied by courtesy of Professor John Brittain, Oslo University, and Professor Peter Zwick of the Max Planck Institute, Schlitz. I owe special thanks to Professor Barbara W[echeck]glarska for helpful discussions. I acknowledge the skillful technical assistance of the following persons from the Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University: Msc W. Jankowska, Msc. E. Kisiel, Dr. B. Szymańska (my department), also to Dr. J. Faber and Dr. O. Woźnicka from the EM laboratory. The investigation was partially supported by the Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University Research Grant BW/IZ/2008.