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Abstract
Herbivorous insects frequently fluctuate numerically throughout the year in response to variation in the availability and quality of plant resources. Here, we investigate the phenological relationship between the butterfly E. bechina and its host plant C. brasiliense in the Brazilian cerrado savanna. Abundance of E. bechina immature stages followed the temporal pattern of leaf production by the host plant, with increased numbers in the beginning of the rainy season (September–November). Ant visitation to extrafloral nectaries of C. brasiliense also increased in the humid period, following the production of new leaves and flower buds. Ant abundance, however, apparently had no major effect on the temporal occurrence pattern of Eunica immatures on host plants. Nevertheless, recent data on antagonistic and mutualistic ant–butterfly interactions have revealed that ants do affect host plant choice by butterflies in the ant-rich cerrado savanna. Future investigation in insect seasonality in cerrados should take into account not only climate and plant phenology, but also direct and indirect effects at the ant–plant–herbivore interface.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to P. Ataíde, D. Ribeiro, H. Soares Jr., R. Aguiar, E. Barbosa, D. Henrique, M. Brito, and P. Vasconcelos for help in the field, and H. Soares Jr. and S. Sendoya for allowing us to use some of their photographs. We also thank the Instituto Florestal de São Paulo for logistic support at Itirapina. D.G.M. was funded by a fellowship from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP). A.V.L.F. was supported by FAPESP (04/05269-9, 11/50225-3), and the Brazilian Research Council (CNPq; 300282/2008-7, 563332/2010-7). PSO acknowledges research grants from the CNPq (301853/2009-6), FAPESP (2008/54058-1, 2011/18580-8), and the Fundo de Apoio ao Ensino, à Pesquisa e à Extensão (FAEPEX) of the Universidade Estadual de Campinas.
